Concept Of Physics Work and Energy

H C Verma

1.   The mass of cyclist together with the bike is $90$ kg. Calculate the increase in kinetic energy if the speed increases from $6'0$ km/h to $12$ km/h.

$M$ = $m_c$ + $m_b$ = $90kg$ $\\$ $u$ = $6 km/h$ = $1.666 m/sec$ $\\$ $v$ = $12 km/h$ = $3.333$ m/sec $\\$ $increase$ in $K.E.$ = $\frac{1}{2}$ $Mv^2$ - $\frac{1}{2}$ $Mu^2$ $\\$ = $\frac{1}{2}$ $90$ $\times$ $(3.333)^2$ - $\frac{1}{2}$ $\times$ $90$ $\times$ $(1.66)^2$ = $494.5$ - $124.6$ = $374.8$ $\approx$ $375J$

$increase$ in $K.E.$ = $\frac{1}{2}$ $Mv^2$

2.   A block of mass $2.00$ kg moving at a speed of $10.0$ m/s accelerates at $3.00$ m/s for $5.00$ s. Compute its final kinetic energy.

$m_b$ = $2kg$ $\\$ $u$ = $10 m/sec$ $\\$ $a$ = $3 m/aec^2$ $\\$ $t$ = $5 sec$ $\\$ $v$ = $u$ + $at$ = $10$ + $3 I 5$ = $25 m/sec$ $\\$ $\therefore$ $F.K.E$ = $\frac{1}{2}$ $mv^2$ = $\frac{1}{2}$ $\times$ $2$ $\times$ $625$ = $625 J$

3.   A box is pushed through $4.0$ m across a floor offering $100$ N resistance. How much work is done by the resisting force ?

$F$ = $100 N$ $\\$ $S$ = $4m,$ $\theta$ = $0^o$ $\\$ $\omega$ = $F.S$ = $100$ $\times$ $4$ = $400$ $J$

4.   A block of mass $5.0$ kg slides down an incline of inclination $30°$ and length $10$ m. Find the work done by the force of gravity.

$m$ = $5kg$ $\\$ $\theta$ = $30^o$ $\\$ $S$ = $10$ $m$ $F$ = $mg$ $\\$ $So$ $work$ $done$ $by$ $the$ $force$ $of$ $gravity$ $\\$ $\omega$ = $mgh$ = $5$ $\times$ $9.8$ $\times$ $5$ = $245$ $J$

5.   A constant force of $2.50$ N accelerates a stationary particle of mass $15$ g through a displacement of $2.50$ m. Find the work done and the average power delivered.

$F$ = $2.50N$ , $S$ = $2.5m,$ $m$ =$15g$ = $0.015kg$ $\\$ $So,$ $w$= $F$ $\times$ $S$ $\Rightarrow$ $a$ = $\frac{F}{m}$ = $\frac{2.5}{0.015}$ = $\frac{500}{3}$ $m/s^2$ $\\$ = $F$ $times$ $S$ $cos$ $0^o$ $($ $acting$ $alone$ $the$ $same$ $line$$) \\ 2.5 \times 2.5 = 6.25 J \\ Let the velocity of the body at b = U. Applying work energy principle \frac{1}{2} mv^2 - 0 = 6.25 \\ \Rightarrow V = \sqrt{\frac{6.25 \times 2}{0.015}} = 28.86 m/sec \\ So time taken to travel from A to B. \\ \Rightarrow t = \frac{v-u}{a} = \frac{28.86 \times 3}{500} \\ \therefore Average Power = \frac{W}{t} = \frac{6.25 \times 500}{(28.86) \times 3} = 36.1 6. A particle moves from a point \vec{r_1} = (2 m)\vec{i} + (3 m)\vec{j} to another point \vec{r_2} = (3 m)\vec{i} + (2 m)\vec{j} during which a certain force \vec{F} = (5 N)\vec{i} + (5 N)\vec{j} acts on it. Find the work done by the force on the particle during the displacement. \vec{r_1} = 2\hat{i} + 3\hat{j} \\ r_2 = 3\hat{i} + 2\hat{j} \\ So, displacement vector is given by, \\ \vec{r} = \vec{r_1} - \vec{r_2} \Rightarrow \vec{r} = (3\hat{i} + 2\hat{j}) - (2\hat{i} + 3\hat{j}) = \hat{i} - \hat{j} \\ So, Work done = \vec{F} \times \vec{s} = 5 \times 1 + 5(-1) = 0 7. A man moves on a straight horizontal road with a block of mass 2 kg in his hand. If he covers a distance of 40 in with an acceleration of 0.5 m/s^2, find the work done by the man on the block during the motion. m_b = 2kg, s = 40m, a = 0.5m/sec^2 \\ So, force applied by the man on the box \\ F = m_b a = 2 \times (0.5) = 1 N \\ \omega = FS = 1 \times 40 = 40J 8. A force F = a + bx acts on a particle in the x-direction, where a and b are constants. Find the work done by this force during a displacement from x = 0 to x = d. Answer 8 None Given That F = a + bx \\ Where a and b are constants. \\ So, work done by this force during this force during the displacement x = 0 and x = d is given by \\ W = \int_0^d F\; \mathrm{d}x = \int_0^d (a + bx)\; \mathrm{d}x = ax + (bx^2/2 ) = [a + \frac{1}{2} bd] d 9. A block of mass 250 g slides down an incline of inclination 37° with a uniform speed. Find the work done against the friction as the block slides through 1.0 m. m_b = 250 g = .250 kg \\ \theta = 37^o, S = 1m. \\ Frictional force f = \mu R \\ \\ mg sin \theta = \mu R \quad ...(1) \\ mg cos \theta \qquad \ ...(2) \\ So, work done against \muR = \muRS cos 0^o = mg sin \theta S = 0.250 \times 9.8 \times 0.60 \times 1 = 1.5 J 10. A block of mass m is kept over another block of mass M and the system rests on a horizontal surface (figure 8-E1). A constant horizontal force F acting on the lower block produces an acceleration \frac{F}{2(m + M)} in the system, the two blocks always move together. (a) Find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the bigger block and the horizontal surface. (b) Find the frictional force acting on the smaller block. (c) Find the work done by the force of friction on the smaller block by the bigger block during a displacement d of the system. a = \frac{F}{2(m + M)} (given) \\ a) from fig (1) \\ ma = \mu_k R_1 and R_1 = mg \\ \Rightarrow \mu = \frac{ma}{R_1} = \frac{F}{2(m + M)g} \\ b) Frictional force acting on the smaller block f = \mu R = \frac{F}{2(m + M)g} \times mg = \frac{m \times F}{2(M + m)} \\ c) work done w = fs \qquad s = d \\ w = \frac{mF}{2(M + m)} \times d = \frac{mFd}{2(M + m)} 11. A box weighing 2000 N is to be slowly slid through 20 m on a straight track having friction coefficient 0.2 with the box. (a) Find the work done by the person pulling the box with a chain at an angle \theta with the horizontal. (b) Find the work when the person has chosen a value of \theta which ensures him the minimum magnitUde of the force. Weight = 2000 N, S = 20m, \mu = 0.2 \\ a) R + P sin \theta - 2000 = 0 \quad ..(1) \\ P cos \theta - 0.2 R = 0 \qquad ...(2) \\ From (1) and (2) P cos \theta - 0.2 (2000 - P sin \theta) = 0 \\ P = \frac{400}{cos \theta + 0.2 sin \theta} \qquad ...(3) \\ So, work done by the person , W = PS cos \theta = \frac{8000 cos \theta }{cos \theta + 0.2 sin \theta} = \frac{8000}{1 + 0.2 sin \theta} = \frac{40000}{5 + tan \theta} \\ b) for minimum magnitude of force from equn (1) \\ \frac{d}{d \theta} (cos \theta + 0.2 sin \theta) = 0 \Rightarrow tan \theta = 0.2 \\ putting the value in equn (3) \\ W = \frac{40000}{5 + tan \theta} = \frac{40000}{(5.2)} = 7690 J 12. A block of weight 100 N is slowly slid up on a smooth incline of inclination 37° by a person. Calculate the work done by the person in moving the block through a distance of 2.0 m, if the driving force is (a) parallel to the incline and (b) in the horizontal direction. w = 100 N, \theta = 37^o, s = 2m \\ Force F = mg sin 37^o = 100 \times 0.60 = 60 N \\ So, work done, when the force is parallel to incline. \\ w = Fs cos \theta = 60 \times 2 \times cos \theta = 120 J \\ In \DeltaABC AB = 2m \\ CB = 37^o \\ So, h = c = 1m \\ \therefore work done when the force in horizontal direction \\ W = mgh = 100 \times 1.2 = 120 J 13. Find the average frictional force needed to stop a car weighing 500 kg in a distance of 25 m if the initial speed is 72 km/h. m = 500 kg , s = 25m, u = 72 km/h = 20 m/s, \\ (-a) = \frac{v^2 - u^2}{2S} \Rightarrow a = \frac{400}{50} = 8 m/sec^2 \\ Frictional force f = ma = 500 \times 8 = 4000 N 14. Find the average force needed to accelerate a car weighing 500 kg from rest to 72 km/h in a distance of 25 m. m = 500 kg, u = 0, v = 72 km/h = 20 m/s \\ a = \frac{v^2 - u^2}{2s} = \frac{400}{50} = 8 m/sec^2 \\ force needed to accelerate the car F = ma = 500 \times 8 = 4000 N 15. A particle of mass m moves on a straight line with its velocity varying with the distance travelled according to the equation v = a \sqrt x, where a is a constant. Find the total work done by all the forces during a displacement from x = 0 to x = d Given v = a \sqrt x, (uniformly accelerated motion) \\ displacement s = d - 0 = d \\ putting x = 0, \qquad v_1 = 0 \\ putting x = d, \qquad v_2 = a \sqrt d \\ a = \frac{v_2^2 - u_2^2}{2s} = \frac{a^2 d}{2d} = \frac{a^2}{2} \\ force f = ma = \frac{ma^2}{2} \\ work done w = FS cos \theta = \frac{ma^2}{2} \times d = \frac{ma^2 d}{2} 16. A block of mass 2.0 kg kept at rest on an inclined plane of inclination 37° is pulled up the plane by applying a constant force of 20 N parallel to the incline. The force acts for one second. (a) Show that the work done by the applied force does not exceed 40 J. (b) Find the work done by the force of gravity in that one second if the work done by the applied force is 40 J. (c) Find the kinetic energy of the block at the instant the force ceases to act. Take g = 10 m/s^2. m = 2 kg, \theta = 37^o, F = 20 N \\ From the free body diagram \\ F = (2g sin \theta) + ma \Rightarrow a = (20 - 20 sin \theta )/s = 4 m/sec^2 \\ S = ut + \frac{1}{2} at^2 \qquad (u=0, t=1s, a = 1.66) = 2m \\ So, work done w = Fs = 20 \times 2 = 40 J \\ b) If W = 40 J \\ S = \frac{W}{F} = \frac{40}{20} \\ h = 2 sin 37^o = 1.2 m \\ So, work done W = -mgh = -20 \times 1.2 = -24 J \\ c) v = u + at = 4 \times 10 = 40 m/sec \\ So, K.E. = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 = \frac{1}{2} \times 2 \times 16 = 16 J 17. A block of mass 2.0 kg is pushed down an inclined plane of inclination 37° with a force of 20 N acting parallel to the incline. It is found that the block moves on the incline with an acceleration of 10 m/s^2. If the block started from rest, find the work done (a) by the applied force in the first second, (b) by the weight of the block in the first second and (c) by the frictional force acting on the block in the first second. Take g = 10 m/s^2. Answer 17 None m = 2 kg, \theta = 37^o, F = 20 N, a = 10 m/sec^2 \\ a) t = 1sec \\ So, s = ut + \frac{1}{2} at^2 = 5m \\ work done by the applied force w = FS cos 0^o = 20 \times 5 = 100 J \\ b) BC (h) 5 sin 37^o = 3m \\ So, work done by the weight W = mgh = 2 \times 10 \times 3 = 60 J \\ c) So, frictional force f = mg sin \theta \\ work done by the frictional forces w = fs cos 0^o = (mg sin \theta) s = 20 \times0.60 \times 5 = 60 J 18. A 250 g block slides on a rough horizontal table. Find the work done by the frictional force in bringing the block to rest if it is initially moving at a speed of 40 cm/s. If the friction coefficient between the table and the block is 0.1, how far does the block move before coming to rest ? Given m = 250 g = 0.250 kg, \\ u = 40 cm/sec = 0.4 m/sec \\ \mu = 0.1 , v = 0 \\ Here, \mu R = ma {where a = deceleration} \\ a = \frac{\mu R}{m} = \frac{\mu mg}{m} = \mu g = 0.1 \times 9.8 = 0.98 m/sec^2 \\ S = \frac{v^2 - u^2}{2a} = 0.082m = 8.2 cm \\ Again, work done against friction is given by \\ - w = \mu RS cos \theta \\ = 0.1 \times 2.5 \times 0.082 \times 1(\theta = 0^o ) = 0.02 J \\ \Rightarrow W = -0.02 J 19. Water falling from a 50 m high fall is to be used for generating electric energy. If 1.8 \times 10^5 kg of water falls per hour and half the gravitational potential energy can be converted into electric energy, how many 100 W lamps can be lit ? h = 50 m, m = 1.8 \times 10^5 kg/hr, P = 100 watt, \\ P.E. = mgh = 1.8 \times 10^5 \times 9.8 \times 50 = 882 \times 10^5 J/hr \\ Because, half the potential energy is converted into electricity, \\ Electrical energy \frac{1}{2} P.E. = 441 \times 10 ^5 J/hr \\ So, power in watt (J/sec) is given by = \frac{441 \times 10^5}{3600} \therefore number of 100 W lamps, that can be lit \frac {441 \times 10^5}{3600 \times 100} = 122.5 \approx 122 20. A person is painting his house walls. He stands on a ladder with a bucket containing paint in one hand and a brush in other. Suddenly the bucket slips from his hand and falls down on the floor. If the bucket with the paint had a mass of 6.0 kg and was at a height of 2.0 m at the time it slipped, how much gravitational potential energy is lost together with the paint ? m = 6kg, h = 2m \\ P.E. at a height '2m' = mgh 6 \times 9.8 \times 2 = 117.6 J \\ P.E. at floor = 0 \\ Loss in P.E. = 117.6 - 0 = 117.6 J \approx 118 J 21. A projectile is fired from the top of a 40 m high cliff with an initial speed of 50 m/s at an unknown angle. Find its speed when it hits the ground. h = 40m, u = 50 m/sec \\ Let the speed be 'v' when it strikes the ground. \\ Applying law of conservation of energy \\ mgh + \frac{1}{2} mu^2 = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 \\ \Rightarrow 10 \times 40 +(\frac{1}{2}) \times 2500 = \frac{1}{2} v^2 \Rightarrow v^2 = 3300 \Rightarrow v = 57.4 m/sec \approx 58 m/sec 22. The 200 m free style women's swimming gold medal at Seol Olympic 1988 went to Heike Friendrich of East Germany when she set a new Olympic record of 1 minute and 57.56 seconds. Assume that she covered most of the distance with a uniform speed and had to exert 460 W to maintain her speed. Calculate the average force of resistance offered by the water during the swim. t = 1 min 57.56 sec = 11.56 sec, p = 400 w, s = 200m \\ p = \frac{w}{t}, work w = pt = 460 \times 117.56 J \\ Again W = FS = \frac{460 \times 117.56}{200} = 270.3 \approx 270 N 23. The US athlete Florence Griffith-Joyner won the 100 m sprint gold medal at Seol Olympic 1988 setting a new Olympic record of 10.54 s. Assume that she achieved her maximum speed in a very short-time and then ran the race with that speed till she crossed the line. Take her mass to be 50 kg. (a) Calculate the kinetic energy of Griffith-Joyner at her full speed. (b) Assuming that the track, the wind etc. offered an average resistance of one tenth of her weight, calculate the work done by the resistance during the run. (c) What power Griffith- Joyner had to exert to maintain uniform speed ? S = 100 m, t = 10.54 sec, m = 50 kg \\ The motion can be assumed to be uniform because the time take for acceleration is minimum. \\ a) Speed v = \frac{S}{t} = 9.487 e/s \\ So, K.E. = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 = 2250J \\ b) Weight = mg = 490 J \\ given R = mg /10 = 49 J \\ So, work done against resistance W_f = - RS = - 49 \times 100 = - 4900 J \\ c) To maintain her uniform speed , she has to expert 4900 j of energy to overcome friction \\ P = \frac{W}{t} = 4900 / 10.54 = 465 W 24. A water pump lifts water from a level 10 m below the ground. Water is pumped at a rate of 30 kg/minute with negligible velocity. Calculate the minimum horsepower the engine should have to do this. h = 10 m \\ flow rate = (\frac{m}{t}) = 30 kg/min = 0.5 kg/sec \\ power P = \frac{mgh}{t} = (0.5) \times 9.8 \times 10 = 49 W \\ So, horse power (h.p.) P/746 = 49/746 = 6.6 \times 10^{-2} hp 25. An unruly demonstrator lifts a stone of mass 200 g from the ground and throws it at his opponent. At the time of projection, the stone is 150 cm above the ground and has a speed of 3.00 m/s. Calculate the work done by the demonstrator during the process. If it takes one second for the demonstrator to lift the stone and throw, what horsepower does he use ? m = 200 g = 0.2kg , h = 150 cm = 1.5 m, v = 3 m/sec, t = 1 sec \\ Total work done = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 + mgh \\ = (1/2) \times (0.2) \times 9 + (0.2) \times (9.8) \times (1.5) = 3.84 J \\ h.p. used = \frac{3.84}{746} = 5.14 \times 10^{-3} 26. In a factory it is desired to lift 2000 kg of metal through a distance of 12 m in 1 minute. Find the minimum horsepower of the engine to be used. m = 200 kg, s = 12 m, t = 1 min = 60 sec \\ So, work W = F cos \theta = mgs cos 0^o [\theta = 0^o for minimum work] \\ = 2000 \times 10 \times 12 = 240000J \\ So, power p = \frac{W}{t} = \frac{240000}{60} = 4000 watt \\ h.p. = \frac{4000}{746} = 5.3 hp. 27. A scooter company gives the following specifications about its product. \\ Weight of the scooter - 95 kg \\ Maximum speed - 60 km/h \\ Maximum engine power - 3.5 hp \\ Pick up time to get the maximum speed - 5 s \\ Check the validity of these specifications The specification given by the company are \\ U = 0, m = 95 kg, p_m = 3.5 hp \\ V_m = 60 km/h = 50/3 m/sec \qquad t_m = 5 sec \\ So, the maximum acceleration that can be produced is given by, \\ a = \frac{(50/3)-0}{5} = \frac{10}{3} \\ So, the driving force is given by \\ F = ma = 95 \times \frac{10}{3} = \frac{950}{3} N \\ So, the velocity that can be attained by maximum h.p. while supplying \frac{950}{3} will be \\ v = \frac{p}{F} \Rightarrow v = \frac{3.5 \times 746 \times 5}{950} = 8.2 m/sec. \\ Because the scooter can reach a maximum of 8.2 m/sec while producing a force of 950/3 N, the specification given are some what over claimed. 28. A block of mass 30.0 kg is being brought down by a chain. If the block acquires a speed of 40.0 cm/s in dropping down 2.00 m, find the work done by the chain during the process. Answer 28 None Given m = 30 kg, v = 40 cm/sec = 0.4 m/sec, s = 2m \\ From the free body diagram, the force given by the chain is, \\ F = (ma-mg) = m(a-g) [where a = acceleration of the block] \\ a = \frac{v_2 - u_2 }{2s} = \frac{0.16}{0.4} = 0.04 m/sec^2 \\ So, work done W=Fs cos \theta = m(a-g) s cos \theta \\ \Rightarrow W = 30 (0.04-9.8) \times 2 \Rightarrow W = -585.5 \Rightarrow W = -585.5 J. \\ So, W = -586 J 29. The heavier block in an Atwood machine has a mass twice that of the lighter one. The tension in the string is 16.0 N when the system is set into motion. Find the decrease in the gravitational potential energy during the first second after the system is released from rest Given T = 19 N \\ From the free body diagrams, \\ T-2 mg + 2 ma = 0 \quad ...(1) \\ T-mg - ma =0 \qquad ...(2) \\ From equation (1) \& (2) T = 4ma \Rightarrow a = \frac{T}{4m} \Rightarrow A = \frac{16}{4m} = \frac{4}{m} m/s^2 \\ Now, S = ut + \frac{1}{2} at^2 \\ \Rightarrow S = \frac{1}{2} \times \frac{4}{m} \times 1 \Rightarrow S = \frac{2}{m} m [because u= 0] \\ Net mass =2m-m = m \\ Decrease in P.E. = mgh \Rightarrow P.E. = m \times g \times \frac{2}{m} \Rightarrow P.E. = 9.8 \times2 \Rightarrow P.E. = 19.6 J 30. The two blocks in an Atwood machine have masses 2.0 kg and 3.0 kg. Find the work done by gravity during the fourth second after the system is released from rest. Given m_1 = 3 kg, m_2 = 2kg \qquad t = during 4th second \\ From the free body diagram \\ T-3g +3a = 0 \qquad ...(1) \\ T-2g -2a = 0 \qquad ...(2) \\ Equation (1) \& (2) we get 3g -3a = 2g + 2a \Rightarrow a = \frac{g}{5} m/sec^2 \\ Distance traveled in 4th sec is given by \\ S_{4th} = \frac{a}{2}(2n-1) = \frac{\frac{g}{5}}{s}(2 \times 4-1) = \frac{7g}{10} = \frac{7 \times 9.8}{10} m \\ Net mass 'm' = m_1- m_2= 3-2=1 kg \\ So, decrease in P.E. = mgh = 1 \times 9.8 \times \frac{7}{10} \times 9.8 = 67.2 =67 J 31. Consider the situation shown in figure (8-E2). The system is released from rest and the block of mass 1.0 kg is found to have a speed 0.3 m/s after it has descended through a distance of 1 m. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the table. m_1 = 4 kg, m_2 = 1 kg, V_2=0.3m/sec, V_1= 2\times (0.3) = 0.6 m/sec \\ (v_1 = 2x_2 m this system) \\ h = 1m = height decent by 1 kg block \\ s = 2 \times 1 = 2 m distance traveled by 4 kg block \\ u = 0 \\ Applying change in K.E. = work done (for the system)\\ [(1/2)m_1v_1^2 + (1/2)m_2v_m^2] - 0=(-\mu R)S + m_2g \qquad \\ [R = 4g = 40 N] \\ \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \times 4 \times (0.36) \times \frac{1}{2} \times 1 \times (0.09) = - \mu \times 40 \times 2 + 1 \times 40 \times 1 \\ \Rightarrow 0.72 + 0.045 = - 80 \mu + 10 \\ \Rightarrow \mu \frac{9.235}{80} = 0.12 32. A block of mass 100 g is moved with a speed of 5.0 m/s at the highest point in a closed circular tube of radius 10 cm kept in a vertical plane. The cross-section of the tube is such that the block just fits in it. The block makes several oscillations inside the tube and finally stops at the lowest point. Find the work done by the tube on the block during the process. Given, m = 100g = 0.1 kg, v = 5m/sec, r = 10 cm. \\ work done by the block = total energy at A - total energy at B \\ (1/2 mv^2 + mgh ) - 0 \\ \Rightarrow W = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 + mgh -0 = \frac{1}{2} \times (0.1) \times 25 + (0.1) \times 10 \times (0.2) [h = 2r = 0.2 m] \\ \Rightarrow W = 1.25-0.2 \Rightarrow W = 1.45 J \\ So, the work done by the tube on the body is \\ W_t = -1.45 J 33. A car weighing 1400 kg is moving at a speed of 54 km/h up a hill when the motor stops. If it is just able to reach the destination which is at a height of 10 m above the point, calculate the work done against friction (negative of the work done by the friction). m = 1400 kg , v = 54 km/h = 15 m/sec, h = 10 m \\ Work done = (total K.E.) - total P.E.\\ = 0 + \frac{1}{2} mv^2 - mgh = \frac{1}{2} \times 1400 \times (15)^2 - 1400 \times 9.8 \times 10 \\ = 157500 - 137200 = 20300 \\ So, work done against friction, W_t = 20300 J 34. A small block of mass 200 g is kept at the top of a frictionless incline which is 10 m long and 3.2 m high. How much work was required (a) to lift the block from the ground and put it at the top, (b) to slide the block up the incline ? What will be the speed of the block when it reaches the ground, if (c) it falls off the incline and drops vertically on the ground (d) it slides down the incline ? Take g = 10 m/s^2 m = 200 g = 0.2 kg , s = 10 m, h = 3.2 m, g = 10 m/sec^2 \\ a) work done W = mgh = 0.2 \times 10 \times 3.2 = 6.4 J \\ b) work done to slide the block up the incline \\ w = (mg \ sin \theta) = (0.2) \times 10 \times \frac{3.2}{10} \times 10 = 6.4 J \\ c) Let, the velocity be v when falls on the ground vertically, \\ \frac{1}{2} mv^2 - 0 = 6.4 J \Rightarrow v = 8 m/s \\ d) Let V be the velocity when reaches the ground by liding \\ \frac{1}{2} mV^2 - 0 = 6.4 J \Rightarrow v = 8 m/sec \\ 35. In a children's park, there is a slide which has a total length of 10 m and a height of 8.0 m (figure 8-E3). Vertical ladder are provided to reach the top. A boy weighing 200 N climbs up the ladder to the top of the slide and slides down to the ground. The average friction offered by the slide is three tenth of his weight. Find (a) the work done by the ladder on the boy as he goes up, (b) the work done by the slide on the boy as he comes down. Neglect any work done by forces inside the body of the boy. l = 10m, h = 8m, mg = 200 N \\ f = 200 \times \frac{3}{10} = 60 N \\ a) work done by the ladder on the boy is zero when the boy is going up because the work is done by the boy himself. \\ b) work done against frictional force, W = \mu RS = f l = (-60) \times 10 = -600 J \\ c) work done by the force inside the boy is \\ W_b = (mg\ sin \theta ) \times 10 = 200 \times \frac{8}{10} \times 10 = 1600 J 36. 36. Figure (8-E4) shows a particle sliding on a frictionless track which terminates in a straight horizontal section. If the particle starts slipping from the point A, how far away from the track will the particle hit the ground ? H = 1m, h = 0.5m \\ Applying law of conservation of Energy for point A \& B \\ mgH = \frac{1}{2} mv^2+mgh \Rightarrow g = (1/2)v^2 + 0.5g \\ \Rightarrow v^2 2(g-0.59) = g \Rightarrow v= \sqrt g = 3.1 m/s \\ After point B the body exhibits projectile motion for which \\ \theta = 0^o, v= -0.5 \\ So, -0.5 = (u\ sin \theta)t - (1/2) gt^2 \Rightarrow 0.5 = 4.9 t^2 \Rightarrow t = 0.31 sec \\ So, x = (4\ cos \theta)t = 3.1 \times 3.1 = 1m. \\ So, the particle will hit the ground at a horizontal distance in from B. 37. A block weighing 10 N travels down a smooth curved track AB joined to a rough horizontal surface (figure 8-E5). The rough surface has a friction coefficient of 0.20 with the block. If the block starts slipping on the track from a point 1.0 m above the horizontal surface, how far will it move on the rough surface ? mg = 10N, \mu = 0.2, H = 1m, u=v=0 \\ change in P.E. = work done. \\ Increase in K.E. \\ \Rightarrow w = mgh = 10 \times 1 = 10 J \\ Again on the horizontal surface the frictional force \\ F = \mu R= \mu mg= 0.2 \times 10 = 2N \\ So, the K.E. is used to overcome friction \\ \Rightarrow S = \frac{W}{F} = \frac{10J}{2N}=5m 38. A uniform chain of mass m in and length l overhangs a table with its two third part on the table. Find the work to be done by a person to put the hanging part back on the table. Let 'dx' be the length of an element at a distance x from the table \\ mass of 'dx' length = (m/l)dx \\ Work done to put dx part back on the table \\ W = (m/l) dx \ g(x) \\ So, total work done to put l/3 part back on the table \\ W = \int_{0}^{\frac{1}{3}}(m/l)gx \ dx \Rightarrow w = (m/l)g \Bigg[ \frac{x^2}{2} \Bigg]_0 ^\frac{l}{3} = \frac{mgl^2}{18l} = \frac{mgl}{18} 39. A uniform chain of length L and mass M overhangs a horizontal table with its two third part on the table. The friction coefficient between the table and the chain is 11. Find the work done by the friction during the period the chain slips off the table. Let, x length of chain is on the table at a particular instant . \\ So, work done by frictional force on a small element 'dx' \\ dW_f=\mu Rx = \mu \Bigg( \frac{M}{L}dx \Bigg) gx \qquad [where dx = \frac{M}{L}dx] \\ Total work done by friction, \\ W_f =$$\int_{2L/3}^{0} \mu \frac{M}{L}gx \ dx$$\\ \therefore W_f = \mu \frac{M}{L}g \Bigg[ \frac{x^2}{2} \Bigg]_{2L/3}^0 = \mu \frac{M}{L} \Bigg[ \frac{4L^2}{18} \Bigg] = 2\mu Mg \ L/9 40. A block of mass 1 kg is placed at the point A of a rough track shown in figure (8-E6). If slightly pushed towards right, it stops at the point B of the track. Calculate the work done by the frictional force on the block during its transit from A to B. m = 5kg, x = 10cm = 0.1m, v = 2m/sec, \\ h = ? G = 10m/sec^2 \\ So, k = \frac{mg}{x}= \frac{50}{0.1} = 500 N/m \\ Total energy just after the blow E = \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 + \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 \qquad ...(1) \\ Total energy a a height h = \frac{1}{2} \ k (h-x)^2 + mgh \qquad ...(2) \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 + \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ k (h-x)^2 + mgh \\ on solving we can get , \\ H = 0.2 m = 20 cm 41. A block of mass 5.0 kg is suspended from the end of a vertical spring which is stretched by 10 cm under the load of the block. The block is given a sharp impulse from below so that it acquires an upward speed of 2.0 m/s. How high will it rise ? Take g = 10 m/s^2 m = 5kg, x = 10cm = 0.1m, v = 2m/sec, \\ h = ? G = 10m/sec^2 \\ So, k = \frac{mg}{x}= \frac{50}{0.1} = 500 N/m \\ Total energy just after the blow E = \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 + \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 \qquad ...(1) \\ Total energy a a height h = \frac{1}{2} \ k (h-x)^2 + mgh \qquad ...(2) \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 + \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ k (h-x)^2 + mgh \\ on solving we can get , \\ H = 0.2 m = 20 cm 42. A block of mass 250 g is kept on a vertical spring of spring constant 100 N/m fixed from below. The spring is now compressed to have a length 10 cm shorter than its natural length and the system is released from this position. How high does the block rise ? Take g =10 m/s^2. m = 250 g = 0.250 kg, \\ k = 100 N/m, m = 10 cm = 0.1 m \\ g = 10 m/sec^2 \\ Applying law of conservation of energy \\ \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 = mgh \Rightarrow h = \frac{1}{2} \Bigg( \frac{ kx^2 }{mg} \Bigg) = \frac{100 \times (0.1)^2}{2 \times 0.25 \times 10} = 0.2m = 20 cm 43. Figure (8-E7) shows a spring fixed at the bottom end of an incline of inclination 37°. A small block of mass 2 kg starts slipping down the incline from a point 4.8 m away from the spring. The block compresses the spring by 20 cm, stops momentarily and then rebounds through a distance of 1 m up the incline. Find (a) the friction coefficient between the plane and the block and (b) the spring constant of the spring. Take g = 10 m/s^2. m = 2kg, s_1 = 4.8m, x = 20cm = 0.2 m, s_2 = 1m, \\ sin 37° = 0.60 = 3/5, \theta = 37°, cos 37° = .79 = 0.8 = 4/5 \\ g = 10m/sec^2 \\ Applying work-Energy principle for downward motion of the body\\ 0-0=mg \ sin \ 37°\times 5 - \mu R \times 5 - \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 \\ \Rightarrow 20 \times (0.60) \times 1 - \mu \times 20 \times (0.80) \times 1 + \frac{1}{2} \ k \ (0.2)^2=0 \\ \Rightarrow 60-80 \mu - 0.02k = 0 \Rightarrow 80 \mu +0.02k=60 \qquad ...(1) \\ Similarly, for the upward motion of the body the equation is \\ 0-0= (-mg \ sin \ 37°) \times 1 - \mu R \times 1 + \frac{1}{2} \ k \ (0.2)^2 \\ \Rightarrow -20 \times (0.60) \times 1 - \mu \times 20 \times (0.80) \times 1 + \frac{1}{2} \ k \ (0.2)^2 = 0 \\ \Rightarrow -12-16 \mu + 0.02 K = 0 \qquad ...(2) \\ Adding equation (1) \& equation (2), We get 96\mu = 48 \\ \Rightarrow \mu = 0.5 \\ Now putting the value of \mu in equation (1) K = 1000 N/m 44. A block of mass m moving at a speed v compresses a spring through a distance x before its speed is halved. Find the spring constant of the spring. Answer 44 None Let the velocity of the body at A be v \\ So,the velocity of the body at B is v/2 \\ Energy at point A = Energy at point B \\ So, \frac{1}{2} \ mv_A^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ mv_B^2 + \frac{1}{2} \ kx^{2+} \\ \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ mv_A^2 - \frac{1}{2} \ mv_B^2 \Rightarrow kx^2 = m (V_A^{2+-} V_B^2) \\ \Rightarrow kx^2 = m \Bigg(v^2 - \frac{v^2}{4} \Bigg)\Rightarrow k = \frac{3mv^2}{3x^2} 45. Consider the situation shown in figure (8-E8). Initially the spring is unstretched when the system is released from rest. Assuming no friction in the pulley, find the maximum elongation of the spring. Answer 45 None 46. Consider the situation shown in figure (8-E8). Initially the spring is unstretched when the system is released from rest. Assuming no friction in the pulley, find the maximum elongation of the spring. Answer 46 None 47. Consider the situation shown in figure (8-E8). Initially the spring is unstretched when the system is released from rest. Assuming no friction in the pulley, find the maximum elongation of the spring. Answer 47 None 48. Consider the situation shown in figure (8-E8). Initially the spring is unstretched when the system is released from rest. Assuming no friction in the pulley, find the maximum elongation of the spring. Answer 48 None 49. Consider the situation shown in figure (8-E8). Initially the spring is unstretched when the system is released from rest. Assuming no friction in the pulley, find the maximum elongation of the spring. Mass of the body = m \\ Let the elongation be x \\ So, \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 = mgx \\ \Rightarrow x = 2mg/k 50. A block of mass m. is attached to two unstretched springs of spring constants k_1 and k_2 as shown in figure (8-E9). The block is displaced towards right through a distance x and is released. Find the speed of the block as it passes through the mean position shown. The body is displaced x towards right \\ Let the velocity of the body be v at its mean position \\ Applying law of conservation of energy \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ k_1 x^2 \Rightarrow mv^2 = x^2 (k_1+k_2) \Rightarrow v^2 = \frac{x^2(k_1+k_2)}{m} \\ \Rightarrow v = x \sqrt{\frac{k_1+k_2}{m}} 51. A block of mass m, sliding on a smooth horizontal surface with a velocity \vec v meets a long horizontal spring fixed at one end and having spring constant k as shown in figure (8-E10). Find the maximum compression of tin spring. Will the velocity of the block be the same as \vec v when it comes back to the original position shown ? Let the compression be x \\ According to the law of conservation of the energy \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 \Rightarrow x^2 = mv^2/k \Rightarrow x= v \sqrt{(m/k)} \\ b) No. it will be in the opposite direction and magnitude will be less due to loss in spring. 52. A small block of mass 100 g is pressed against a horizontal spring fixed at one end to compress the spring through 5.0 cm (figure 8-E11). The spring constant is 100 N/m. When released, the block moves horizontally till it leaves the spring. Where will it hit the ground 2 m below the spring ? m = 100g = 0.1 kg, \quad x = 5cm = 0.05m, \quad k = 100 N/m \\ when the body leaves the spring, let the velocity be v \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 \Rightarrow v = x \sqrt{(k/m)} = 0.05 \times \sqrt{\frac{100}{0.1}} = 1.58 m/sec \\ For the projectile motion, \theta = 0^{\circ}, Y = -2 \\ Now, y = (u sin \theta)t - \frac{1}{2} \ gt^2 \\ \Rightarrow -2 = (-1/2) \times 9.8 \times t^2 \Rightarrow t = 0.63 sec. \\ So, x = (u cos \theta)t \Rightarrow 1.58 \times 0.63 = 1m 53. A small heavy block is attached to the lower end of a light rod of length l which can be rotated about its clamped upper end. What minimum horizontal velocity should the block be given so that it moves in a complete vertical circle ? Let the velocity of the body at A is 'V' for minimum velocity given at A velocity of the body at point B is zero. \\ Applying law of conservation of energy at A \& B \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 = mg \ (2l) \Rightarrow v = \sqrt{(4gl)} = 2 \sqrt{gl} 54. Figure (8-E12) shows two blocks A and B, each having a mass of 320 g connected by a light string passing over a smooth light pulley. The horizontal surface on which the block A can slide is smooth. The block A is attached to a spring of spring constant 40 N/m whose other end is fixed to a support 40 cm above the horizontal surface. Initially, the spring is vertical and unstretched when the system is released to move. Find the velocity of the block A at the instant it breaks off the surface below it. Take g = 10 m/s^2 m = 320g = 0.32kg \\ k = 40N/m \\ h = 40cm = 0.4m \\ g = 10 m/s^2 \\ From the free body diagram, \\ kx \ cos \theta = mg \\ (when the block breaks off R = 0) \\ \Rightarrow cos \theta = mg/kx \\ So, \frac{0.4}{0.4+x} = \frac{3.2}{40 \times x} \Rightarrow 16x = 3.2x +1.28 \Rightarrow x = 0.1 m \\ So, s = AB = \sqrt{(h+x)^2-h^2} = \sqrt{(0.5)^2-(0.4)^2} = 0.3m \\ Let the velocity of the body at B be v \\ Charge in K.E. = work done (for the system) \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 + \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 = -\frac{1}{2} \ kx^2+mgs \\ \Rightarrow (0.32) \times v^2 = - \frac{1}{2} \times 40 \times (0.1)^2 + 0.32 \times 10 \times (0.3) \\ \Rightarrow v= 1.5 m/s. 55. One end of a spring of natural length h and spring constant k is fixed at the ground and the other is fitted with a smooth ring of mass m which is allowed to slide on a horizontal rod fixed at a height h (figure 8-E13). Initially, the spring makes an angle of 37° with the vertical when the system is released from rest. Find the speed of the ring when the spring becomes vertical. \theta = 37^{\circ} ; l = h = natural length \\ Let the velocity when the spring is vertical be 'v'. \\ Cos 37^{\circ} = BC/AC = 0.8 = 4/5 \\ AC = (h + x) = 5h/4 (because BC = h) \\ So, x = (5h/4) - h = h/4 \\ Applying work energy principle \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 \\ \Rightarrow v= x \sqrt{(k/m)}= \frac{h}{4} \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}} 56. Figure (8-E14) shows a light rod of length l rigidly attached to a small heavy block at one end and a hook at the other end. The system is released from rest with the rod in a horizontal position. There is a fixed smooth ring at a depth h below the initial position of the hook and the hook gets into the ring as it reaches there. What should be the minimum value of h so that the block moves in a complete circle about the ring ? The minimum velocity required to cross the height point c = \sqrt{2gl} \\ Let the rod release from a height h. \\ Total energy at A = total energy at B \\ mgh = \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 ; mgh = \frac{1}{2} \ m \ (2gl) \\ [ Because v = required velocity at B such that the block makes a complete circle.] \\ So, h = l. 57. The bob of a pendulum at rest is given a sharp hit to impart a horizontal velocity. \sqrt{10\ gl}, where 1 is the length of the pendulum. Find the tension in the string when (a) the string is horizontal, (b) the bob is at its highest point and (c) the string makes an angle of 60° with the upward vertical. a) Let the velocity at B be v_2 \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv_1^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ mv_2^2 + mgl \\ \Rightarrow 1/2 \ m \ (10 \ gl)= \frac{1}{2} \ mv_2^2 + mgl \\ v_2^2 = 8 \ gl \\ So, the tension in the string at horizontal position \\ T = \frac{mv^2}{R}= \frac{m8gl}{l} = 8\ mg \\ b) Let the velocity at C be V_3 \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv_1^2= \frac{1}{2} \ mv_3^2 + mg \ (2l) \\ \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \ m \ (log l) = \frac{1}{2} \ mv_3^2 + 2mgl \\ \Rightarrow v_3^2 = 6 \ mgl \\ So, the tension in the string is given by \\ T_c = \frac{mv^2}{l} - mg = \frac{6glm}{l}mg = 5 \ mg \\ c) Let the velocity at point D be v_4 \\ Again, \frac{1}{2} \ mv_1^2 = \frac{1}{2} \ mv_4^2 + mgh \\ \frac{1}{2} \times m \times (10 / gl) = 1.2 \ mv_4^2 + mgl (1 + cos 60^{\circ}) \\ \Rightarrow v_4^2 = 7 \ gl \\ So, the tension in the string is \\ T_D = (mv^2/l)-mg \ cos 60^{\circ} \\ =m(7 \ gl)/l - l-0.5\ mg \Rightarrow 7 \ mg-0.5 \ mg = 6.5 \ mg. 58. A simple pendulum consists of a 50 cm long string connected to a 100 g ball. The ball is pulled aside so that the string makes an angle of 37° with the vertical and is then released. Find the tension in the string when the bob is at its lowest position. From the figure, cos \theta = AC/AB \\ \Rightarrow AC = AB \ cos \theta \Rightarrow (0.5) \times (0.8) = 0.4. \\ So, CD = (0.5) - (0.4) = (0.1) m \\ Energy at D = energy at B \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 = mg (CD) \\ v^2 = 2 \times 10 \times (0.1) = 2 \\ So, the tension is given by, \\ T = \frac{mv^2}{r}+ mg = (0.1) \Big(\frac{2}{0.5}+10 \Big) = 1.4 \ N. \\ 59. Figure (8-E15) shows a smooth track, a part of which is a circle of radius R. A block of mass m is pushed against a spring of spring constant k fixed at the left end and is then released. Find the initial compression of the spring so that the block presses the track with a force mg when it reaches the point P, where the radius of the track is horizontal. Given, N = mg \\ As shown in the figure, mv^2/R=mg \\ \Rightarrow v^2 = gR \qquad ...(1) \\ Total energy at point A = energy at P \\ \frac{1}{2} \ kx^2 = \frac{mgR+2mgR}{2} \quad [because \ v^2 = gR] \\ \Rightarrow x^2 = 3mgR/k \Rightarrow x = \sqrt{(3mgR)/k} 60. The bob of a stationary pendulum is given a sharp hit to impart it a horizontal speed of \sqrt{3 \ gl} . Find the angle rotated by the string before it becomes slack. V = \sqrt{3gl} \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 - \frac{1}{2} \ mu^2 = -mgh \\ v^2 = u^2 - 2gl(l+lcos \theta) \\ \Rightarrow v^2 = 3gl -2gl (1+cos \theta) \qquad ...(1) \\ Again, \\ mv^2/l = mg \ cos \theta \\ v^2 = lg \ cos \theta \\ From equation (1) and (2) we get \\ 3gl - 2gl-2gl / cos \theta = gl \ cos \theta \\ 3 \ cos \theta = 1 \Rightarrow cos \theta = 1/3 \\ \theta = cos^{-1}(1/3) \\ So, angle rotated before the string becomes slack \\ = 180^{\circ} - cos^{-1} (1/3) = cos^{-1}(-1/3) 61. A heavy particle is suspended by a 1.5 m long string. It is given a horizontal velocity of \sqrt{57} m/s. (a) Find the angle made by the string with the upward vertical, when it becomes slack. (b) Find the speed of the particle at this instant. (c) Find the maximum height reached by the particle over the point of suspension. Take g =10 m/s^2 l = 1.5 m; u = \sqrt{57} m/sec. \\ a) mg \ cos \theta = mv^2 / l v^2 = lg \ cos \theta \qquad ...(1) \\ change in K. E. = work done \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 - \frac{1}{2} \ mu^2 = mgh \\ \Rightarrow v^2 - 57 = -2 \times 1.5 g (1+cos \theta) \qquad ...(2) \\ \Rightarrow v^2 = 57 - 3g (1+cos \theta) \\ Putting the value of v from equation (1) \\ 15 \ cos \theta = 57 - 3g(1+cos \theta) \Rightarrow 15 \ cos \theta = 57 - 30-30 \ cos \theta \\ \Rightarrow 45 \ cos \theta = 27 \Rightarrow cos \theta=3/5. \\ \Rightarrow \theta = cos^{-1} (3/5)= 53^{\circ} \\ b) v = \sqrt{57- 3g (1+cos \theta)} \quad from equation (2) \\ = \sqrt{9} = 3 \ m/sec. \\ c)As the string becomes slack at point B, the particle will start making projectile motion. \\ H= OE + DC = 1.5 \ cos \theta+ \frac{u^2sin^2 \theta}{2g} \\ =(1.5 \times (3/5) + \frac{9 \times (0.8)^2}{2 \times 10} = 1.2 \ m. 62. A simple pendulum of length L having a bob of mass m is deflected from its rest position by an angle \theta and released (figure 8-E16). The string hits a peg which is fixed at a distance x below the point of suspension and the bob starts going in a circle centred at the peg. (a) Assuming that initially the bob has a height less than the peg, show that the maximum height reached by the bob equals its initial height. (b) If the pendulum is released with \theta = 90° and x=L/2 find the maximum height reached by the bob above its lowest position before the string becomes slack. (c) Find the minimum value of x/L for which the bob goes in a complete circle about the peg when the pendulum is released from \theta = 90°. a) When the bob has an initial height less that the peg and then released from rest (figure 1), \\ let body travels from A to B. \\ Since, Total energy at A = Total energy at B \\ \therefore (K.E.)_A = (PE)_A = (KE)_B + (PE)_B \\ (PE)_A = (PE)_B \quad [because , (KE)_A = (KE)_B = 0] \\ So, the maximum height reached by the bob is equal to initial height. \\ b) When the pendulum is released with \theta = 90^{\circ} \ and \ x = \frac{L}{2} (figure 2) the path of the particle \\ is shown in the figure 2. \\ At point C, the string will become slack and so the particle will start making projectile motion. \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv_c^2-0= mg \ (L/2) \ (1- cos \ \alpha) \\ because, distance between A and C in the verticle direction is L/2 (1- cos \ \alpha) \\ \Rightarrow v_c^2 = gL(1-cos \ \theta) \qquad ...(1) \\ Again, from the free body diagram \\ \frac{mv_c^2}{L/2} = mg \ cos \ \alpha \ \big\{ because T_c = 0 \big\} \\ So, V_c^2 = \frac{gL}{2} cos \ \alpha \qquad ...(2) \\ From Eqn. (1) and equn (2), \\ gL(1- cos \ \alpha) = \frac{gL}{2} \ cos \ \alpha \\ \Rightarrow 1-cos \ \alpha = \frac{1}{2} \ cos \ \alpha \\ \Rightarrow \frac{3}{2} \ cos \ \alpha=1 \Rightarrow cos \ \alpha = 2/3 \quad ...(3) \\ To find highest position C, before the string becomes slack \\ BF = \frac{L}{2} + \frac{L}{2}cos \ \theta = \frac{L}{2} + \frac{L}{2} \times \frac{2}{3} = L \Big(\frac{1}{2}+ \frac{1}{3} \Big) \\ So, BF = (5L/6) \\ c) If the particle has to comlpete a vertical circle, at the point C. \\ \frac{mv_c^2}{(L-x)} = mg \\ \Rightarrow V_c^2 = g \ (L-x) \qquad ...(1) \\ Again applying energy principle between A and C, \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv_c^2 - 0 = mg \ (OC) \\ \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \ v_c^2 = mg [L-2(L-x)] = mg \ (2x -L) \\ \Rightarrow v_c^2 = 2g(2x - L) \qquad ...(2) \\ From equn (1) and equn (2) \\ g(L-x) = 2g \ (2x - L) \\ \Rightarrow L-x = 4x-2L \\ \Rightarrow 5x = 3L \\ \therefore \frac{x}{L}= \frac{3}{5}=0.6 \\ So, the rates (x/L) should be 0.6 63. A particle slides on the surface of a fixed smooth sphere starting from the topmost point. Find the angle rotated by the radius through the particle, when it leaves contact with the sphere. Let the velocity be v when the body leaves the surface. \\ From the free body diagram \\ \frac{mv^2}{R} = mg \ cos \ \theta [Because normal reaction] \\ v^2 = Rg \ cos \ \theta \qquad ...(1) \\ Again, from work-energy principle, \\ Change in K.E. = work done \\ \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 - 0=mg(R-R \ cos \ \theta) \\ v^2 = 2gR \ (1-cos \ \theta) \qquad ...(2) \\ From (1) and (2) \\ Rg \ cos \ \theta = 2gR(1- cos \ \theta) \\ 3gR \ cos \ \theta = 2 \ gR \\ cos \ \theta = 2/3 \\ \theta = cos^{-1} (2/3) \\ 64. A particle of mass m is kept on a fixed, smooth sphere of radius R at a position, where the radius through the particle makes an angle of 30° with the vertical. The particle is released from this position. (a) What is the force exerted by the sphere on the particle just after the release ? (b) Find the distance travelled by the particle before it leaves contact with the sphere. a) When the particle is released from rest, the centrifugal force is zero. \\ N force is zero = mg \ cos \ \theta \\ = mg \ cos \ 30^{\circ} = \frac{\sqrt{3}mg}{2} \\ b) When the prticle is leaves contact with the surface , N = 0. \\ So, \frac{mv^2}{R} mg \ cos \ \theta \\ \Rightarrow v^2 = Rg \ cos \ \theta \qquad ...(1) \\ Again, \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 = mgR (cos \ 30^{\circ} - cos \ \theta) \\ \Rightarrow v^2 = 2Rg \Bigg( \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}-cos \ \theta \Bigg) \qquad ...(2) \\ From equn (1) and equn (2) \\ Rg cos \ \theta = \sqrt{3} \ Rg-2Rg \ cos \ \theta \\ \Rightarrow 3 \ cos \ \theta = \sqrt{3} \\ \Rightarrow cos \ \theta = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \Rightarrow \theta = cos^{-1} \Bigg( \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \Bigg) \\ So, the distance travelled by the particle before leaving contact, \\ l = R(\theta - \pi/6) \quad [Because \ 30^{\circ} = \pi/6] \\ putting the value of \theta we get l = 0.43R 65. A particle of mass m is kept on the top of a smooth sphere of radius R. It is given a sharp impulse which imparts it a horizontal speed v. (a) Find the normal force between the sphere and the particle just after the impulse. (b) What should be the minimum value of v for which the particle does not slip on the sphere ? (c) Assuming the velocity v to be half the minimum calculated in part, (d) find the angle made by the radius through the particle with the vertical when it leaves the sphere. a) Radius = R \\ horizontal speed = v \\ from the free body diagram, \\ N = Normal force = mg-\frac{mv^2}{R} \\ b) when the particle is given maximum velocity so that the centrifugal force balance the weight, the particle does not slip on the sphere. \\ \frac{mv^2}{R} = mg \Rightarrow v = \sqrt{gR} \\ c) If the body is given velocity v_1 \\ v_1 = \sqrt{gR}/2 \\ v_1^2 - gR/4 \\ Let the velocity be v_2 when it leaves contact with the surface,\\ So, \frac{mv^2}{R} = mg \ cos \ \theta \\ \Rightarrow v_2^2 = Rg \ cos \ \theta \qquad ...(1) \\ Again, \frac{1}{2} \ mv_2^2 - \frac{1}{2} \ mv_1^2 = mgR \ (1- cos \ \theta ) \\ \Rightarrow v_2^2 = v_1^2+2gR \ (1- cos \ \theta) \qquad ...(2) \\ From equn (1) and equn (2) \\ Rg \ cos \ \theta = (Rg/4) + 2gR \ (1-cos \ \theta ) \\ \Rightarrow cos \ \theta = (1/4) + 2 - 2 \ cos \ \theta \\ \Rightarrow 3 \ cos \ \theta = 9/4 \\ \Rightarrow cos \ \theta = 3/4 \\ \Rightarrow \theta = cos^{-1} (3/4) 66. Figure (8-E17) shows a smooth track which consists of a straight inclined part of length 1 joining smoothly with the circular part. A particle of mass m is projected up the incline from its bottom. (a) Find the minimum projection-speed v_o for which the particle reaches the top of the track. (b) Assuming that the projection-speed is 2v_o and that the block does not lose contact with the track before reaching its top, find the force acting on it when it reaches the top. (c) Assuming that the projection-speed is only slightly greater than v_o, where will the block lose contact with the track ? a) Net force on the particle between A and B, F = mg \ sin \ \theta \\ work done to reach B, W = FS=mg \ sin \ \theta \ l \\ Again work done to reach B to C = mgh = mg \ R \ (1-cos \ \theta) \\ So, total work done = mg[l sin \ \theta + R(1-cos \ \theta)] \\ Now, change in K.E. = work done \\ \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2} \ mv_o^2=mg \ [l \ sin \ \theta +R \ (1-cos \theta)] \\ \Rightarrow v_o = \sqrt{2g(R(1- cos \ \theta)+l \ sin \ \theta)} \\ b) When the block is projected at a speed 2v_o. \\ Let the velocity at C will be V_c. \\ Applying energy principle, \\ \frac{1}{2} \ mv_c^2-\frac{1}{2} \ m \ (2v_o)^2 = -mg \ [l \ sin \ \theta+ R(1 - cos \ \theta)] \\ = v_c^2 = 4v_o-2g \ [l \ sin \ \theta + R(1-cos \ \theta)] \\ 4.2g \ [l \ sin \ \theta + R(1-cos \ \theta)]-2g \ [l \ sin \ \theta + R(1- cos \ \theta)] \\ = 6g \ [l sin \ \theta + R(1 - cos \ \theta)] \\ So, force acting on the body, \\ \Rightarrow N = \frac{mv_c^2}{R} = 6 mg \ [(l/R) \ sin \ \theta + 1-cos \ \theta] \\ c) Let the block loose contact after making an angle \theta \\ \frac{mv^2}{R} = mg \ cos \ \theta \Rightarrow v^2 = Rg \ cos \ \theta \qquad ...(1)\\ Again, \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2 = mg \ (R - R \ cos \theta) \Rightarrow v^2 = 2gR \ (1-cos \ \theta) \qquad ...(2) \\ From (1) and (2) cos \theta = 2/3 \Rightarrow \theta = cos^{-1}(2/3) 67. A chain of length l and mass m lies on the surface of a smooth sphere of radius R >l with one end tied to the top of the sphere. (a) Find the gravitational potential energy of the chain with reference level at the centre of the sphere. (b) Suppose the chain is released and slides down the sphere. Find the kinetic energy of the chain, when it has slid through an angle \theta. (c) Find the tangential acceleration \frac{dv}{dt} of the chain when the chain starts sliding down. Let us consider a small element which makes angle 'd\theta' at the centre. \\ \therefore dm = (m/l)Rd \ \theta \\ a) Gravitational potential energy of 'dm' with respect to centre of the sphere \\ = (dm)g \ R \ cos \ \theta \\ (mg/l) \ R \ cos \ \theta \ d\theta \\ So, Total, G.P.E.$$= \int_{0}^{l/r} \frac{mgR^2}{l} cos \ \theta \ d\theta \qquad [ \ \alpha = (l/R)]$$(angle subtended by the chain at the centre)......\\ =\frac{mR^2g}{l}[sin \ \theta](l/R)=\frac{mRg}{l}sin \ (l/R) \\ b) When the chain is released from rest and slides down through an angle \theta, the K.E. of the chain is given \\ K.E. = Change in potential energy. \\ =\frac{mR^2g}{l} sin (l/R)-m$$\int \frac{gR^2}{l} cos \ \theta \ d \ \theta......?$\\= \frac{mR^2g}{l}\ \bigg[ sin (l/R) + sin \ \theta - sin \ \big\{\theta + (l/R) \big\} \bigg]\\$c) Since,$K.E. = \frac{1}{2} \ mv^2=\frac{mR^2g}{l} \ \bigg[sin (l/R) + sin \ \theta - sin \ \big\{\theta + (l/R) \big\} \bigg] \\$Taking derivative of both sides with respect to 't'$\\(1/2) \times 2v \times \frac{dv}{dt} = \frac{R^2g}{l} \ \Big[ cos \ \theta \times \frac{d\theta}{dt}-cos(\theta+l/R) \frac{d\theta}{dt} \Big]\\\therefore (R \ \frac{d\theta}{dt}) \ \frac{dv}{dt}= \frac{R^2g}{l} \times \frac{d\theta}{dt} \ \Big[ cos \ \theta -cos(\theta+(l/R)) \Big] \\$When the chain start sliding down,$\theta=0.\\$So,$\frac{dv}{dt} = \frac{Rg}{l} \ [1-cos \ (l/R)]\\$68. A smooth sphere of radius$R$is made to translate in a straight line with a constant acceleration$a.$A particle kept on the top of the sphere is released from there at zero velocity with respect to the sphere. Find the speed of the particle with respect to the sphere as a function of the angle$\theta$it slides Let the sphere move towards left with an acceleration 'a'$\\$Let m = mass of the particle$\\$The particle 'm' will also experience the inertia due to acceleration 'a' as it is on the sphere. It will also experience the tangential inertia force (m (dv/dt)) and centrifugal force$(mv^2/R).\\m \frac{dv}{dt} = ma \ cos \ \theta + mg \ sin \ \theta \Rightarrow mv \ \frac{dv}{dt} \\ = ma \ cos \ \theta \ \Big( R \frac{d\theta}{dt} \Big) + mg \ sin \ \theta\\\Big( R \frac{d\theta}{dt} \Big)\\$Because,$v = R \frac{d\theta}{dt}\\\Rightarrow vd \ v = a \ R \ cos \ \theta \ d\theta + gR \ sin \ \theta \ d\theta\\$Integrating both sides we get,$\\\frac{v^2}{2}= a \ R \ sin \ \theta - gR \ cos \ \theta + C\\$Given that, at$\theta=0, v= 0, \ So, \ C = gR\\$So,$\frac{v^2}{2} = a \ R \ sin \ \theta - gR \ cos \ \theta + gR\\\therefore v^2 = 2R \ (a \ sin \ \theta + g-g \ cos \ \theta )\\\Rightarrow v=[2R \ (a \ \sin \theta) + g-g \ cos \ \theta)]^ {1/2} \$