# Law of Motion

## Class 11 NCERT Physics

### NCERT

1   Give the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on$\\$ (a) a drop of rain falling down with a constant speed,$\\$ (b) a cork of mass 10 g floating on water,$\\$ (c) a kite skillfully held stationary in the sky,$\\$ (d) a car moving with a constant velocity of $30 km/h$ on a rough road,$\\$ (e) a high-speed electron in space far from all material objects, and free of electric and magnetic fields.

##### Solution :

(a) Zero net force$\\$ The rain drop is falling with a constant speed. Hence, it acceleration is zero. As per Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the rain drop is zero.$\\$ (b) Zero net force$\\$ The weight of the cork is acting downward. It is balanced by the buoyant force exerted by the water in the upward direction. Hence, no net force is acting on the floating cork.$\\$ (c) Zero net force$\\$ The kite is stationary in the sky, i.e., it is not moving at all. Hence, as per Newton’s first law of motion, no net force is acting on the kite.$\\$ (d) Zero net force$\\$ The car is moving on a rough road with a constant velocity. Hence, its acceleration is zero. As per Newton’s second law of motion, no net force is acting on the car.$\\$ (e) Zero net force$\\$ The high speed electron is free from the influence of all fields. Hence, no nett force is acting on the electron.

2   .

##### Solution :

3   A pebble of mass $0.05 kg$ is thrown vertically upwards. Give the direction an d magnitude of the net force on the pebble,$\\$ (a) during its upward motion,$\\$ (b) during its downward motion,$\\$ (c) at the highest point where it is momentarily at rest. Do your answers change if the pebble was thrown at an angle of $45^o$ with the horizontal direction?$\\$ Ignore air resistance.

##### Solution :

$0.5 N,$ in vertically downward direction, in all cases$\\$ Acceleration due to gravity, irrespective of the direction of motion of an object, always acts downward. The gravitational force is the only force that acts on the pebble in all three cases. Its magnitude is given by Newton’s second law of motion as:$\\$ $F = m * a$$\\ Where,\\ F = \text{Net force}$$\\$ $m =\text{ Mass of the pebble} = 0.0 5 kg\\ a = g = 10 m / s^ 2\\ \therefore F = 0.05 * 10 = 0.5 N$$\\ The net force on the pebble in all three cases is 0.5 N and this force acts in the downward direction.\\ If the pebble is thrown at an angle of 45^o with the horizontal, it will have both the horizontal and vertical components of velocity. At the highest point, only the vertical component of velocity becomes zero. However, the pebble will have the horizontal component of velocity throughout its motion. This component of velocity produces no effect on the net force acting on the pebble. 4 Give the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on a stone of mass 0.1 kg,$$\\$ (a) just after it is dropped from the window of a stationary train,$\\$ (b) just after it is dropped from the window of a train running at a constant velocity of $36 km/h,$$\\ (c) just after it is dropped from the window of a train accelerating with 1 m s^{-2} ,$$\\$ (d) lying on the floor of a train which is accelerating with $1 m s^{ -2 }$, the stone being at rest relative to the train. Neglect air resistance throughout.

(a)$1 N$; vertically downward$\\$ Mass of the stone, $m = 0.1 kg$$\\ Acceleration of the stone, a = g = 10 m / s^ 2$$\\$ As per Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the stone,$\\$ $F = ma =mg\\ =0.1* 10 = 1 N$ Acceleration due to gravity always acts in the downward direction.$\\$ (b)$1 N$; vertically downward$\\$ The train is moving with a constant velocity. Hence, its acceleration is zero in the direction of its motion, i.e., in the horizontal direction. Hence, no force is acting on the stone in the horizontal direction. The net force acting on the stone is because of acceleration due to gravity and it always acts vertically downward. The magnitude of this force is $1 N.$$\\ (c)1 N; vertically downward\\ It is given that the train is accelerating at the rate of 1 m / s^ 2 .$$\\$ Therefore, the net force acting on the stone, $F ' = ma = 0.1 * 1 = 0.1 N$$\\ This force is acting in the horizontal direction. Now, when the stone is dropped, the horizontal force F ', stops acting on the stone. This is because of the fact that the force acting on a body at an instant depends on the situation at that instant and not on earlier situations. Therefore, the net force acting on the stone is given only by acceleration due to gravity.\\ F = mg = 1 N$$\\$ This force acts vertically downward.$\\$ (d)$0.1 N$; in the direction of motion of the train The weight of the stone is balanced by the normal reaction of the floor. The only acceleration is provided by the horizontal motion of the train. Acceleration of the train, $a = 0.1 m / s ^2$$\\ The net force acting on the stone will be in the direction of motion of the train. Its magnitude is given by: F = ma =0.1 * 1 = 0.1 N 5 One end of a string of length l is connected to a particle of mass m and the other to a small peg on a smooth horizontal table. If the particle moves in a circle with speed v the net force on the particle (directed towards the centre) is:\\ (i)T,$$\\$ (ii)$T-\dfrac{mv^2}{l},$$\\ (iii)T+\dfrac{mv^2}{l}$$\\$ (iv) $0$$\\ T is the tension in the string. [Choose the correct alternative]. ##### Solution : Answer: (i)\\ When a particle connected to a string revolves in a circular path around a centre, the centripetal force is provided by the tension produced in the string. Hence, in the given case, the net force on the particle is the tension T , i.e., F=T=\dfrac{mv^2}{l}$$\\$ Where $F$ is the net force acting on the particle.

6   A constant retarding force of $50 N$ is applied to a body of mass $20 kg$ moving initially with a speed of $15 ms^{-1}$ . How long does the body take to stop?

Retarding force, $F=-50 N$$\\ Mass of the body, m = 20 kg$$\\$ Initial velocity of the body, $u = 15 m/s$$\\ Final velocity of the body, v = 0$$\\$ Using Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the body can be calculated as:$\\$ $F=ma\\ -50=20*a\\ \therefore a-\dfrac{-50}{20}=-2.5m/s^2$$\\ Using the first equation of motion, the time (t) taken by the body to come to rest can be calculated as:\\ v=u+at\\ \therefore =\dfrac{-u}{a}\\ =\dfrac{-15}{-2.5}=6 s 7 A constant force acting on a body of mass 3.0 kg changes its speed from 2.0 m s -1 to 3.5 m s -1 in 25 s. The direction of the motion of the body remains unchanged. W at is the magnitude and direction of the force? ##### Solution : 0.18 N; in the direction of motion of the body\\ Mass of the body, m = 3 kg$$\\$ Initial speed of the body,$u = 2 m/s$$\\ Final speed of the body, v = 3.5 m/s$$\\$ Time, $t = 25 s$$\\ Using the first equation of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the body can be calculated as: v = u + at$$\\$ $a=\dfrac{v-u}{t}\\ =\dfrac{3.5-2}{25}=\dfrac{1.5}{25}=0.6m/s^2$$\\ As per Newton’s second law of motion, force is given as: F = ma$$\\$ $= 3 × 0.06 = 0.18 N$$\\ Since the application of force does not change the direction of the body, the net force acting on the body is in the direction of its motion. 8 A body of mass 5 kg is acted upon by two perpendicular forces 8 N and 6 N. Give the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the body. ##### Solution : 2 m / s^2 , at an angle of 37^o with a force of 8 N Mass of the body, m = 5 kg$$\\$ The given situation can be represented as follows:

The resultant of two forces is given as:$\\$ $R=\sqrt{(8)^2+(-6)^2}=\sqrt{64+36}=10 N$$\\ \theta is the angle made by R with the force of 8 N$$\\$ $\therefore \theta =\tan^{-1}(\dfrac{-6}{8})=-36.87^o$$\\ The negative sign indicates that \theta is in the clockwise direction with respect to the force of magnitude 8 N.$$\\$ As per Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration (a) of the body is given as:$\\$ $F = ma$$\\ \therefore a=\dfrac{F}{m}=\dfrac{10}{5}=2 m/s^2$$\\$

9   The driver of a three-wheeler moving with a speed of $36 km/h$ sees a child standing in the middle of the road and bring s his vehicle to rest in $4.0 s$ just in time to save the child. What is the average retarding force on the vehicle? The mass of the three-wheeler is $400 kg$ and the mass of the driver is $65 kg.$

Initial speed of the three-wheeler, $u = 36 km/h$$\\ Final speed of the three-wheeler, v = 10 m/s$$\\$ Time,$t = 4 s$$\\ Mass of the three-wheeler, m = 400 kg$$\\$ Mass of the driver, $m' = 65 kg$$\\ Total mass of the system, M = 400 + 65 = 465 kg$$\\$ Using the first law of motion, the acceleration (a) of the three-wheeler can be calculated as:$\\$ $v = u + at$$\\ \therefore a=\dfrac{v-u}{t}=\dfrac{0-10}{4}=-2.5 m/s^2 The negative sign indicates that the velocity of the three-wheeler is decreasing with time. Using Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the three-wheeler can be calculated as:\\ F = Ma$$\\$ $= 465 × (-2.5) = -1162.5 N$$\\ The negative sign indicates that the force is acting against the direction of motion of the three-wheeler. 10 A rocket with a lift-off mass 20,000 kg is blasted upwards with an initial acceleration of 5.0 ms -2 . Calculate the initial thrust (force) of the blast. ##### Solution : Mass of the rocket, m = 20,000 kg$$\\$ Initial acceleration, $a = 5 m / s ^2$$\\ Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m / s^ 2$$\\$ Using Newton’s second law of motion, the net force (thrust) acting on the rocket is given by the relation:$\\$ $F - mg = ma\\ F = m ( g + a )\\ = 20000 *( 10 + 5 )\\ = 20000 * 15 = 3 * 10^ 5 N$

11   A body of mass 0.40 kg moving initially with a constant speed of 10 m s subject to a constant force of 8.0 N directed towards the south for 30 s. Take the instant the force is applied to be t = 0, the position of the body at that time to be predict its position at t = –5 s, 25 s, 100 s.

##### Solution :

Mass of the body, $m = 0.40 kg$$\\ Initial speed of the body, u = 10 m/s$$\\$ due north Force acting on the body, $F = -8.0 N$ $\\$ Acceleration produced in the body,$\\$ $a=\dfrac{F}{m}=\dfrac{-8.0}{0.40}=-20m/s^2$ At $t=-5 s$ $\\$ Acceleration, $a' = 0$ and $u = 10 m/s$ $\\$ $s=ut+\dfrac{1}{2}a't^2\\ =10*(-5)=-50m\\ At t =25 s$ $\\$ Acceleration, $a''=-20m/s^2 and \ u=10m/s$

Mass of the body, $m = 0.40 kg$$\\ Initial speed of the body, u = 10 m/s$$\\$ due north Force acting on the body, $F = -8.0 N$ $\\$ Acceleration produced in the body,$\\$ $a=\dfrac{F}{m}=\dfrac{-8.0}{0.40}=-20m/s^2$ At $t=-5 s$ $\\$ Acceleration, $a' = 0$ and $u = 10 m/s$ $\\$ $s=ut+\dfrac{1}{2}a't^2\\ =10*(-5)=-50m\\ At t =25 s$ $\\$ Acceleration, $a''=-20m/s^2 and \ u=10m/s$

12   A truck starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at $2.0 ms ^{-2}$ . At $t = 10 s$, a stone is dropped by a person standing on the top of the truck (6 m high from the ground). What are the (a) velocity, and (b) acceleration of the stone at $t = 11 s?$(Neglect air resistance.)

##### Solution :

$v=\sqrt{v^2_x+v^2_y}\\ =\sqrt{20^2+1062}=\sqrt{400+100}\\ =\sqrt{500}=22.36 m/s$ $\\$ (b) Let $\theta$ be the angle made by the resultant velocity with the horizontal component of velocity, $v_ x$ $\\$ $\therefore \tan \theta =(\dfrac{v_y}{v_x})\\ \theta =\tan^{-1}(\dfrac{10}{20})\\ =\tan^{-1}(0.5)\\ =26.57^o$ $\\$ When the stone is dropped from the truck, the horizontal force acting on it becomes zero.$\\$ However, the stone continues to move under the influence of gravity. Hence, the acceleration of the stone is $10 m / s^ 2$ and it acts vertically downward.

(a) Initial velocity of the truck, $u = 0$ $\\$ Acceleration, $a = 2 m / s ^2$ $\\$ Time,$t = 10 s$ $\\$ As per the first equation of motion, final velocity is given as: $\\$ $v=u+at\\ =0+2*10=20m/s$ $\\$ The final velocity of the truck and hence, of the stone is 20 m/s.$\\$ At $t = 11 s$, the horizontal component $( v _x )$ of velocity, in the absence of air resistance, remains unchanged, i.e.,$\\$ $v_x=20 m/s$ $\\$ The vertical component $( v _y )$ of velocity of the stone is given by the first equation of motion as:$\\$ $v_y=u+a_y \delta t$ $\\$ Where. $\delta t =11-10=1s$ and $a=g=10 m/s^2$ $\\$ $\therefore v_y=0+10*1=10m/s^y$ $\\$ The resultant velocity (v) of the stone is given as:

13   A bob of mass 0.1 kg hung from the ceiling of a room by a string 2 m long is set into oscillation. The speed of the bob at its mean position is $1 ms ^{-1 }$. What is the trajectory of the bob if the string is cut when the bob is (a) at one of its extreme positions, (b) at its mean position.

##### Solution :

(a) At the extreme position, the velocity of the bob becomes zero. If the string is cut at this moment, then he bob will fall vertically on the ground.$\\$ (b) At the mean position, the velocity of the bob is 1 m/s. The direction of this velocity is tangential to the arc formed by the oscillating bob. If the bob is cut at the mean position, then it will trace a projectile path having the horizontal component of velocity only.$\\$ Hence, it will follow a parabolic path.$\\$

14   A man of mass 70 kg stands on a weighing scale in a lift which is moving$\\$ (a) upwards with a uniform speed of $10 ms^{-1}$ ,$\\$ (b) downwards with a uniform acceleration of $5 ms ^{-2}$ ,$\\$ (c) upwards with a uniform acceleration of $5 ms ^{-2}$ .$\\$ What would be the readings on the scale in each case?$\\$ (d) What would be the reading if the lift mechanism failed and it hurtled down freely under gravity? $\\$

15   Figure shows the position-time graph of a particle of mass 4 kg. What is the$\\$ (a) force on the particle for $t < 0, t > 4 s ,0 < t > 4 s ?$$\\ (b) impulse at t = 0 and t = 4 s? (Consider one-dimensional motion only). ##### Solution : (a) For t < 0 \\ It can be observed from the given graph that the position of the particle is coincident with the time axis. It indicates that the displacement of the particle in this time interval is zero.\\ Hence, the force acting on the particle is zero.\\ For t > 4 s \\ It can be observed from the given graph that the position of the particle is parallel to the time axis. It indicates that the particle is at rest at a distance of 3 m from the origin. Hence, no force is acting on the particle.\\ For 0 < t < 4$$\\$ It can be observed that the given position-time graph has a constant slope. Hence, the acceleration produced in the particle is zero. Therefore, the force acting on the particle is zero.$\\$ (b) At $t = 0$$\\ Impulse = Change in momentum\\ = mv - mu$$\\$ Mass of the particle, $m = 4 kg$ $\\$ Initial velocity of the particle, $u = 0$$\\ Final velocity of the particle, v=\dfrac{3}{4}m/s \\ \therefore Impulse =4(\dfrac{3}{4}-0)=3kg m/s \\ At t=4s \\ Initial velocity of the particle, u =\dfrac{3}{4} m/s \\ Final velocity of the particle, v=0 \\ \therefore Impulse =4(0-\dfrac{3}{4})=-3kg m/s 16 Two bodies of masses 10 kg and 20 kg respectively kept on a smooth, horizontal surface are tied to the ends of a light string. A horizontal force F = 600 N is applied to (i) A, (ii) B along the direction of string. What is the tension in the string in each case? ##### Solution : Horizontal force, F = 600 N \\ Mass of body A, m_ 1 = 10 kg \\ Mass of body B, m _2 = 20 kg \\ Total mass of the system, m = m_ 1 + m_ 2 = 30 kg \\ Using Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the system can be calculated as:\\ F=ma\\ \therefore a=\dfrac{F}{m}=\dfrac{600}{30}=20m/s^2 \\ (a) When force F is applied on body A: Horizontal force, F = 600 N \\ Mass of body A, m_ 1 = 10 kg \\ Mass of body B, m _2 = 20 kg \\ Total mass of the system, m = m_ 1 + m_ 2 = 30 kg \\ Using Newton’s second law of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the system can be calculated as:\\ F=ma\\ \therefore a=\dfrac{F}{m}=\dfrac{600}{30}=20m/s^2 \\ (a) When force F is applied on body A: The equation of motion can be written as:\\ F – T = m_ 2 a\\ T = F – m _2 a\\ \therefore T = 600 – 20 * 20 = 200 N 17 Two masses 8 kg and 12 kg are connected at the two ends of a light inextensible string that goes over a frictionless pulley. Find the acceleration of the masses, and the tension in the string when the masses are released. ##### Solution : Smaller mass, m _1 = 8 kg \\ Larger mass, m_ 2 = 12 kg \\ Tension in the string = T \\ Mass m_ 2 , owing to its weight, moves downward with acceleration a, and mass m_ 1 moves upward.\\ Applying Newton’s second law of motion to the system of each mass:\\ For mass m _1 :$$\\$ The equation of motion can be written as:$\\$ T – $m_ 1 g =$ ma ... (i) For mass m 2 :$\\$ The equation of motion can be written as: $m _2 g – T = m_ 2 a ....( ii )$ $\\$ Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get:$\\$ $( m_ 2 - m _1 ) g =( m _1 + m_ 2 ) a\\ \therefore a=(\dfrac{m_2-m_1}{m_1+m_2})g.....(iii)\\ =(\dfrac{12-8}{12+8})*10=\dfrac{4}{20}*10=2m/s^2$ $\\$ Therefore, the acceleration of the masses is $2 m / s ^2$. Substituting the value of a in equation (ii), we get:$\\$ $m_2g-T=m_2(\dfrac{m_2-m_1}{m_1+m_2})g\\ T=(m_2-\dfrac{m^2_2-m_1m_2}{m_1+m_2})g\\ =(\dfrac{2m_1m_2}{m_1+m_2})g\\ =(\dfrac{2*12*8}{12+8})*10\\ =\dfrac{2*12*8}{20}*10=96N$ $\\$ Therefore, the tension in the string is $96 N.$

The given system of two masses and a pulley can be represented as shown in the following figure:

18   A nucleus is at rest in the laboratory frame of reference. Show that if it disintegrates into two smaller nuclei the products must move in opposite directions.

##### Solution :

Let $m, m_ 1 ,$ and $m _2$ be the respective masses of the parent nucleus and the two daughter nuclei. The parent nucleus is at rest.$\\$ Initial momentum of the system (parent nucleus) = 0$\\$ Let $v _1$ and $v_ 2$ be the respective velocities of the daughter nuclei having masse s $m_ 1$ and $m _2$ .$\\$ Total linear momentum of the system after disintegration = $m_ 1 v _1 = m_ 2 v _2$$\\ According to the law of conservation of momentum:\\ Total initial momentum = Total final momentum\\ 0= m_ v v_ 1 + m _2 + v_ 2$$\\$ $v_1=\dfrac{-m_2+v_2}{m_1}$ $\\$ Here, the negative sign indicates that the fragments of the parent nucleus move in directions opposite to each other.$\\$

19   Two billiard balls each of mass 0.05 kg moving in opposite directions with speed $6 ms ^{-1}$ collide and rebound with the same speed. What is the impulse imparted to each ball due to the other?

##### Solution :

Mass of each ball $= 0.05 kg$$\\ Initial velocity of each ball = 6 m/s$$\\$ Magnitude of the initial momentum of each ball, $p_ i = 0.3 kg m / s$$\\ After collision, the balls change their directions of motion without changing the magnitudes of their velocity.\\ Final momentum of each ball, p_ f = – 0.3 kg m / s$$\\$ Impulse imparted to each ball = Change in the momentum of the system $= p _f – p_ i\\ = –0.3 – 0.3 = –0.6 kg m/s$ The negative sign indicates that the impulses imparted to the balls are opposite in direction.

20   A shell of mass 0.020 kg is fired by a gun of mass 100 kg. If the muzzle speed of the shell is $80 ms ^{-1 }$, what is the recoil speed of the gun?

Mass of the gun, $M = 100 kg$$\\ Mass of the shell, m = 0.020 kg$$\\$ Muzzle speed of the shell, $v = 80 m/s$$\\ Recoil speed of the gun = V\\ Both the gun and the shell are at rest initially.\\ Initial momentum of the system = 0\\ Final momentum of the system = mv – MV$$\\$ Here, the negative sign appears because the directions of the shell and the gun are opposite to each other.$\\$ According to the law of conservation of momentum:$\\$ Final momentum = Initial momentum$\\$ $mv – MV = 0$ $\\$ $\therefore V=\dfrac{mv}{M}\\ =\dfrac{0.020*80}{100*1000}=0.016m/s$$\\ 21 A batsman deflects a ball by an angle of 45^o without changing its initial speed which is equal to 54 km/h. What is the impulse imparted to the ball? (Mass of the ball is 0.15 kg.) ##### Solution : Where,\\ AO = Incident path of the ball\\ OB = Path followed by the ball after deflection\\ \angle AOB = Angle between the incident and deflected paths of the ball = 45^o$$\\$ $\angle AOP =\angle BOP = 22.5 ^o= \theta$ Initial and final velocities of the ball = v$\\$ Horizontal component of the initial velocity =$v \cos \theta$ along RO$\\$ Vertical component of the initial velocity = $v \sin \theta$ along PO$\\$ Horizontal component of the final velocity = $v \cos \theta$ along OS$\\$ Vertical component of the final velocity =$v \sin \theta$ along OP$\\$ The horizontal components of velocities suffer no change. The vertical components of velocities are in the opposite directions.$\\$ $\therefore$ Impulse imparted to the ball = Change in the linear momentum of the ball$\\$ $= mv \cos \theta-(- mv \cos \theta )\\ = 2 mv \cos \theta$ $\\$ Mass of the ball, $m = 0.15 kg$$\\ Velocity of the ball, v = 54 km/h = 15 m/s \\ \therefore Impulse = 2 * 0.15 * 15 \cos 22.5^o=4.16 kg m / s The given situation can be represented as shown in the following figure. 22 A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round in a circle of radius 1.5 m with a speed of 40 rev./min in a horizontal plane. What is the tension in the string? What is the maximum speed with which the stone can be whirled around if the string can withstand a maximum tension of 200 N? ##### Solution : Mass of the stone, m = 0.25 kg$$\\$ Radius of the circle,$r = 1.5 m$ $\\$ Number of revolution per second, $n =\dfrac{40}{60}=\dfrac{2}{3}rps$ $\\$ Angular velocity, $\omega=\dfrac{v}{r}=2 \pi n....(i)$ $\\$ The centripetal force for the stone is provided by the tension T, in the string, i.e.,$\\$ $T=F_{Centripetal}\\ =\dfrac{mv^2}{r}=mr \omega^2=mr(2\pi n)^2\\ =0.25*1.5*(2*3.14*\dfrac{2}{3})^2\\ =6.57 N$ $\\$ Maximum tension in the string, $T_{ max} = 200 N$$\\ T_{max}=\dfrac{mv^2 max}{r}\\ \therefore v_{max}=\sqrt{\dfrac{T_{max}*r}{m}}\\ \sqrt{200*1.5}{0.25}\\ =\sqrt{1200}=34.64m/s \\ Therefore, the maximum speed of the stone is 34.64 m/s. 23 If, in Exercise 21, the speed of the stone is increased beyond the maximum permissible value, and the string breaks suddenly, which of the following correctly describes the trajectory of the stone after the string breaks:\\ (a) the stone moves radially out wards,\\ (b) the stone flies off tangentially from the instant the string breaks,\\ (c) the stone flies off at an angle with the tangent whose magnitude depends on the speed of the particle? ##### Solution : Answer: (b)\\ When the string breaks, the stone will move in the direction of the velocity at that instant. According to the first law of motion, the direction of velocity vector is tangential to the path of the stone at that instant. Hence, the stone will fly off tangentially from the instant the string breaks. 24 Explain why\\ (a) a horse cannot pull a cart and run in empty space,\\ (b) passengers are thrown forward from their seats when a speeding bus stops suddenly,\\ (c) it is easier to pull a lawn mower than to push it,\\ (d) a cricketer moves his hands backwards while holding a catch. ##### Solution : The vertical component of this applied force acts upward. This reduces the effective weight of the mower. On the other hand, while pushing a lawn mower, a force at an angle \theta is applied on it, as shown in the following figure. (a) In order to pull a cart, a horse pushes the ground backward with some force. The ground in turn exerts an equal and opposite reaction force upon the feet of the horse. This reaction force causes the horse to move forward.\\ An empty space is devoid of any such reaction force. Therefore, a horse cannot pull a cart and run in empty space.\\ (b) When a speeding bus stops suddenly, the lower portion of a passenger’s body, which is in contact with the seat, suddenly comes to rest. However, the upper portion tends to remain in motion (as per the first law of motion). As a result, the passenger’s upper body is thrown forward in the direction in which the bus was moving.\\ (c) While pulling a lawn mower, a force at an angle \theta is applied on it, as shown in the following figure.\\ In this case, the vertical component of the applied force acts in the direction of the weight of the mower. This increases the effective weight of the mower.\\ Since the effective weight of the lawn mower is lesser in the first case, pulling the lawn mower is easier than pushing it.\\ According to Newton’s second law of motion, we have the equation of motion:\\ F=ma=m\dfrac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}....(i) \\ Where, \\ F = Stopping force experienced by the cricketer as he catches the ball \\ m = Mass of the ball \\ t = Time of impact of the b all with the hand \\ It can be inferred from equation (i) that the impact force is inversely proportional to the impact time, i.e., \\ F \infty \dfrac{1}{\Delta t}.....(i)$$\\$ Equation (ii) shows that the force experienced by the cricketer decreases if th e time of impact increases and vice versa.$\\$ (d) While taking a catch, a cricketer moves his hand backward so as to increase the time of impact $(\Delta t)$. This is turn results in the decrease in the stopping force, thereby preventing the hands of the cricketer from getting hurt.

25   Figure shows the position-time graph of a body of mass 0.04 kg. Suggest a suitable physical context for this mot ion. What is the time between two consecutive impulses received by the body? What is the magnitude of each impulse?

A ball rebounding between t wo walls located between at x = 0 and x = 2 cm; after every 2 s, the ball receives an impulse of magnitude 0.08 * 10 $^{-2 }$kg m / s from the walls$\\$ The given graph shows that a body changes its direction of motion after every 2 s.$\\$ Physically, this situation can be visualized as a ball rebounding to and fro between two stationary walls situated between positions x = 0 and x = 2 cm. Since the slope of the x-t graph$\\$ reverses after every 2s , the ball collides with a wall after every 2s. Therefore, ball receives an impulse after every 2s.$\\$ Mass of the ball, $m = 0.04 kg$$\\ The slope of the graph gives the velocity of the ball. Using the graph, we can calculate initial velocity (u) as:\\ u=\dfrac{(2-0)*10^{12}}{(2-0)}=10^{-2}m/s \\ Velocity of the ball before collision, u = 10^{ –2} m / s$$\\$ Velocity of the ball after collision,$v = –10 ^{–2} m / s$$\\ (Here, the negative sign arise s as the ball reverses its direction of motion.) Magnitude of impulse = Change in momentum\\ =|mv-mu|\\ =|0.04(v-u)|\\ |0.04(-10^{-2}-10^{-2})|\\ =0.08*10^{-2}kg m/s \\ 26 Figure shows a man standing stationary with respect to a horizontal conveyor belt that is accelerating with 1 m s ^{-2} . What is the net force on the man? If the coefficient of static friction between the man’s shoes and the belt is 0.2, up to what acceleration of the belt can the man continue to be stationary relative to the belt? (Mass of the m an = 65 kg.) ##### Solution : Mass of the man, m = 65 kg\\ Acceleration of the belt, a= 1 m / s ^2$$\\$ Coefficient of static friction, $\mu = 0.2$$\\ The net force F, acting on the man is given by Newton’s second law of motion as:\\ F_{ net} = ma = 65 * 1 = 65 N$$\\$ The man will continue to be stationary with respect to the conveyor belt until the net force on the man is less than or equal to the frictional force f s , $\\$exerted by the belt, i.e.,$\\$ $F '_{ net} =f_ S$$\\ ma ' =\mu mg$$\\$ $\therefore a ' = 0.2 * 10 = 2 m / s^ 2$$\\ Therefore, the maximum acceleration of the belt up to which the man can stand stationary is 2 m / s^ 2 .\\ 27 A helicopter of mass 1000 kg rises with a vertical acceleration of 15 m s ^{–2} . The crew and the passengers weigh 300 kg. Give the magnitude and direction of the\\ (a) force on the floor by the crew and passengers,\\ (b) action of the rotor of the helicopter on the surrounding air,\\ (c) force on the helicopter due to the surrounding air.\\ ##### Solution : Mass of the helicopter, m h = 1000 kg\\ Mass of the crew and passengers, m p = 300 kg\\ Total mass of the system, m = 1300 kg\\ Acceleration of the helicopter, a = 15 m / s ^2$$\\$ (a) Using Newton’s second law of motion, the reaction force R, on the system by the floor can be calculated as:$\\$ $R – m p g = ma$\\$= m p ( g + a )\\ = 300 (10 + 15) = 300 × 25\\ = 7500 N$$\\ Since the helicopter is accelerating vertically upward, the reaction force will also be directed\\ upward. Therefore, as per Newton’s third law of motion, the force on the floor by the crew and passengers is 7500 N, directed downward.\\ (b) Using Newton’s second law of motion, the reaction force R ’, experienced by the helicopter can be calculated as:\\ R '- mg = ma\\ = m(g + a)\\ = 1300 (10 + 15) = 1300 × 2 5\\ = 32500 N$$\\$ (c) The reaction force experienced by the helicopter from the surrounding air is acting upward. Hence, as per Newton’s third law of motion, the action of the rotor on the$\\$ surrounding air will be 3250 0 N, directed downward. The force on the helicopter due to the surrounding air is 32500 N, directed upward.$\\$

28   A stream of water flowing horizontally with a speed of 1 5 m s$^{ –1}$ gushes out o f a tube of cross-sectional area 10 $^{–2} m ^2$ , and hits a vertical wall nearby. What is the force exerted on the wall by the impact of water, assuming it does not rebound?

33   A monkey of mass 40 kg climbs on a rope (figure) which can stand a maximum tension of 600 N. In which of the following cases will the rope break: the monkey$\\$ (a) climbs up with an acceleration of 6 m s $^{–2}$$\\ (b) climbs down with an acceleration of 4 m ^{–2}$$\\$ (c) climbs up with a uniform speed of 5 m s $^{–1}$$\\ (d) falls down the rope nearly freely under gravity?\\ (Ignore the mass of the rope). ##### Solution : Case (a)\\ Mass of the monkey, m = 40 kg\\ Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s\\ Maximum tension that the rope can bear, T_{ max} = 600 N\\ Acceleration of the monkey, a = 6 m / s^ 2 upward\\ Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:\\ T – mg = ma\\ \therefore T = m(g + a)\\ = 40 (10 + 6)\\ = 640 N$$\\$ Since T > T$_{ max}$ , the rope will break in this case.$\\$

Case (b)$\\$ Acceleration of the monkey, $a = 4 m / s ^2$ downward$\\$ Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as: mg$\\$ $– T = ma\\ \therefore T = m ( g – a )\\ = 40 ( 10 – 4 )\\ = 240 N$$\\ Since T < T_{ max} , the rope will not break in this case. Case (c)\\ The monkey is climbing with a uniform speed of 5 m/s. \\Therefore, its acceleration is zero, i.e.,\\ a = 0.\\ Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:\\ T – mg = ma T – mg\\ = 0\\ \therefore T = mg\\ = 40 × 10\\ = 400 N$$\\$ Since T < T$_{ max}$ , the rope will not break in this case.

Case (d)$\\$ When the monkey falls freely under gravity, its will acceleration become equal to the acceleration due to gravity, i.e., a = g$\\$ Using Newton’s second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:$\\$ $mg – T = mg\\ \therefore T = m(g – g) = 0$$\\ Since T < T_{ max }, the rope will not break in this case. 34 Two bodies A and B of masses 5 kg and 10 kg in contact with each other rest on a table against a rigid wall (figure). The coefficient of friction between the bodies and the table is 0.15. A force of 200 N is applied horizontally to A. What are (a) the reaction of the partition (b) the action-reaction forces between A and B? What happens when the wall is removed? Does the answer to (b) change, when the bodies are in motion? Ignore the difference between \mu s and \mu k . ##### Solution : Mass of body A, m _A = 5 kg$$\\$ Mass of body $B, m _B = 10 kg$$\\ Applied force, F = 200 N$$\\$ Coefficient of friction, $\mu_ s = 0.15$$\\ The force of friction is given by the relation:\\ f_ s=\mu ( m_ A + m_ B ) g\\ = 0.15 (5 + 10) × 10\\ = 1.5 × 15 = 22.5 N leftward\\ Net force acting on the partition = 200 – 22.5 = 177.5 N rightward\\ As per Newton’s third law of motion, the reaction force of the partition will be in the direction opposite to the net applied force.\\ Hence, the reaction of the partition will be 177.5 N, in the leftward direction.\\ Force of friction on mass A:\\ f _A =\mu m_ A g\\ = 0.15 × 5 × 10 = 7.5 N leftward\\ Net force exerted by mass A on mass B = 200 – 7.5 = 192.5 N rightward\\ As per Newton’s third law of motion, an equal amount of reaction force will be exerted by mass B on mass A, i.e., 192.5 N acting leftward.\\ When the wall is removed, the two bodies will move in the direction of the applied force.\\ Net force acting on the moving system = 177.5 N\\ The equation of motion for the system of acceleration a, can be written as:\\ Net force =( m _A + m_ B ) a\\ \therefore a=\dfrac{\text{Net force}}{m_A+m_B}\\ =\dfrac{177.5}{5+10}=\dfrac{177.5}{15}=11.83 m/s^2 \\ Net force causing mass A to move:\\ F _A = m _A a\\ = 5 × 11.83 = 59.15 N \\ Net force exerted by mass A on mass B = 192.5 – 59.15 = 133.35 N$$\\$ This force will act in the direction of motion. As per Newton’s third law of motion, an equal amount of force will be exerted by mass B on mass A, i.e., 133.3 N, acting opposite to the direction of motion.

35   A block of mass 15 kg is placed on a long trolley. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the trolley is 0.18. The trolley accelerates from rest with $0.5 m s ^{–2 }$for $20 s$ and then moves with uniform velocity. Discuss the motion of the block as viewed by$\\$ (a) a stationary observer on the ground,$\\$ (b) an observer moving with the trolley.$\\$

Mass of the block, $m = 15 kg$$\\ Coefficient of static friction, \mu = 0.18$$\\$ Acceleration of the trolley, $a = 0.5 m / s ^2$$\\ As per Newton’s second law of motion, the force (F) on the block caused by the motion of the trolley is given by the relation:\\ F = ma = 15 * 0.5 = 7.5 N$$\\$ This force is acted in the direction of motion of the trolley.$\\$ Force of static friction between the block and the trolley:$\\$ $f =\mu mg\\ = 0.18 × 15 × 10 = 27 N$$\\ (a) The force of static friction tween the block and the trolley is greater than the applied external force. Hence, for an observer on the ground, the block will appear too be at rest.\\ When the trolley moves with uniform velocity there will be no applied external force. Only the force of friction will act on the block in this situation.\\ (b) An observer, moving with the trolley, has some acceleration. This is the case of non- inertial frame of reference. The frictional force, acting on the trolley backward, is opposed by a pseudo force of the same magnitude. However, this force acts in the opposite direction. Thus,the trolley will appear to be at rest for the observer moving with the trolley. 36 The rear side of a truck is open and a box of 40 kg mass is placed 5 m away from the open end as shown in figure. The coefficient of friction between the box and the surface below it is 0.15. On a straight road, the truck starts from rest and accelerates with 2 ms ^{–2} . At what distance from the starting point does the box fall off the truck? (Ignore the size of the box). ##### Solution : Mass of the box, m = 40 kg$$\\$ Coefficient of friction, $\mu= 0.15$$\\ Initial velocity, u = 0$$\\$ Acceleration, $a = 2 m / s ^2$$\\ Distance of the box from the end of the truck, s ' = 5 m$$\\$ As per Newton’s second law of motion, the force on the box caused by the accelerated motion of the truck is given by:$\\$ s ' = 5$\\$ As per Newton’s third law of motion, a reaction force of 80 N is acting on the box in the backward direction. $\\$The backward motion of the box is opposed by the force of friction f, acting between the box and the floor of the truck. This force is given by:$\\$ $f =\mu mg\\ = 0.15 × 40 × 10 = 60 N$$\\ Net force acting on the bloc k:\\ F_{ net }= 80 – 60 = 20 N backward\\ The backward acceleration produced in the box is given by:\\ a_{back}=\dfrac{F_{net}}{m}=\dfrac{20}{40}=0.5m/s^2$$\\$ Using the second equation of motion, time t can be calculated as:$\\$ $s'=ut+\dfrac{1}{2}a_{back}t^2\\ 5=0+\dfrac{1}{2}*0.5*t^2\\ \therefore t=\sqrt{20}s$ $\\$ Hence, the box will fall from the truck after $\sqrt{20}s$ from start.$\\$ The distance s, travelled by the truck in $\sqrt{20}s$ is given by the relation:$\\$ $s=ut+\dfrac{1}{2}at^2\\ =0+\dfrac{1}{2}*2*)(\sqrt{20})^2\\ 20m$ $\\$

37   A disc revolves with a speed of $33\dfrac{1}{3}$ rev/min, and has a radius of $15 cm$. Two coins are placed at $4 cm$ and $14 cm$ away from the centre of the record. If the co-efficient of friction between the coins and the record is $0.15,$ which of the coins will revolve with the record?

Coin placed at 4 cm from the centre$\\$ Mass of each coin = m$\\$ Radius of the disc, r = 15 cm = 0.15 m$\\$ Frequency of revolution, $v=33\dfrac{1}{3} rev/min =\dfrac{100}{3*60}=\dfrac{5}{9}$ $\\$ Coefficient of friction, $\mu= 0.15$ $\\$ In the given situation, the coin having a force of friction greater than or equal to the centripetal force provided by the rotation of the disc will revolve with the disc. If this is not the case, then the coin will slip from the disc. $\\$ Coin placed at 4 cm: $\\$ Radius of revolution,$r ' = 4 cm = 0.04 m$ $\\$ Angular frequency, $\omega= 2\pi v = 2*\dfrac{22}{7}*\dfrac{5}{9}=3.49s^{-1}$ $\\$ Frictional force,$f =\mu mg = 0.15 * m * 10 = 1.5 mN$$\\ Centripetal force on the coin:\\ F_{cent}=mr'\omega^2\\ =m*0.04*(3.49)^2\\ =0.49mN \\ Since f > F_{ cent} , the coin will revolve along with the record.\\ Coin placed at 14 cm:\\ Radius, r "14 cm = 0.14 m$$\\$ Angular frequency, $\omega= 3.49 s ^{–1}$$\\ Frictional force , f ' = 1.5 mN$$\\$ Centripetal force is given as:$\\$ $F_{cent} = mr '' \omega^ 2\\ = m* 0.14 * 3.49 ^ 2\\ = 1.7m N$$\\ Since f < F_{ cent} . , the coin will slip from the surface of the record.\\ 38 You may have seen in a circus a motorcyclist driving in vertical loops inside a ‘death-well’ (a hollow spherical chamber with holes, so the spectators can watch from outside). Explain clearly why the motorcyclist does not drop down when he is at the uppermost point, with no support from below. What is the minimum speed required at the uppermost position to perform a vertical loop if the radius of the chamber is 25 m? ##### Solution : In a death-well, a motorcyclist does not fall at the top point of a vertical loop because both the force of normal reaction and the weight of the motorcyclist act downward and are balanced by the centripetal force. This situation is shown in the following figure. The net force acting on the motorcyclist is the sum of the normal force ( F _N ) and the force due to gravity ( F _g = mg ) .\\ The equation of motion for the centripetal acceleration a c , can be written as:\\ F _{net }= ma_ c .\\ F_N+F_g=ma_c\\ F_N+mg=\dfrac{mv^2}{r}\\ (V_{min}),F_N=0\\ mg=\dfrac{mv_{min}^2}{r}\\ \therefore v_{min}=\sqrt{rg}\\ =\sqrt{25*10}=15.8m/s \\ 39 A 70 kg man stands in contact against the inner wall of a hollow cylindrical drum of radius 3 m rotating about its vertical axis with 200 rev/min. The coefficient of friction between the wall and his clothing is 0.15. What is the minimum rotational speed of the cylinder to enable the man to remain stuck to the wall (without falling) when the floor is suddenly removed? ##### Solution : Mass of the man, m = 70 kg$$\\$ Radius of the drum,$r = 3 m$$\\$ Coefficient of friction, $\mu= 0.15$ $\\$ Frequency of rotation, $v = 200 rev/min = \dfrac{200}{60}=\dfrac{10}{3}rev/s$ $\\$ The necessary centripetal force required for the rotation of the man is provided by the normal force $( F _N )$ .$\\$ When the floor revolves, the man sticks to the wall of the drum. Hence, the weight of the man (mg) acting downward is balanced by the frictional force$\\$ $( f =\mu F_ N )$ acting upward.$\\$ Hence, the man will not fall until:$\\$ $mg < f\\ mg < \mu F_N=\mu mr \omega^2\\ g > \sqrt{\dfrac{g}{\mu r}}$ $\\$ The minimum angular speed is given as: $\\$ $\omega _{min}=\sqrt{\dfrac{g}{\mu r}}\\ =\sqrt{\dfrac{10}{0.15*3}}=4.71 rad \ s^{-1}$

40   A thin circular loop of radius R rotates about its vertical diameter with an angular frequency $omega$. Show that a small bead on the wire loop remains at its lowermost point for $\omega \leq g / R$ What is the angle made by the radius vector joining the centre to the bead with the vertical downward direction for $\omega = 2 g / R ?$ Neglect friction.

##### Solution :

Let the radius vector joining the bead with the centre make an angle $\theta$ , with the vertical downward direction.

OP = R = Radius of the circle$\\$ N = Normal reaction$\\$ The respective vertical and horizontal equations of forces can be written as: mg$\\$ $= Ncos \theta ... ( i )\\ ml \omega^ 2 = Nsin \theta ....( ii )$ $\\$ In $\Delta OPQ$ , we have:$\\$ $\sin \theta=\dfrac{1}{R}\\ l=R\sin \theta.....(iii)$ $\\$ Substituting equation (iii) in equation (ii), we get: $\\$ $m(R \sin \theta)\omega ^2=N\sin \theta\\ mR \omega^2=N....(iv)$ $\\$ Substituting equation (iv) in equation (i), we get: mg = get : $mg = mR \omega^ 2 \cos \theta \\ \cos \theta =\dfrac{g}{R \omega^2}(v)$ $\\$ Since $\cos \theta \leq 1,$ the bead will remain at its lowermost point for $\dfrac{g}{R\omega^2}\leq i.e., \omega \leq \sqrt{\dfrac{g}{R}}$ for $\\$ $\omega =\sqrt{\dfrac{2g}{R}}or \omega^2=\dfrac{2g}{R}....(iv)$ $\\$ On equating equations (v) and (vi), we get:$\\$ $\dfrac{2g}{R}=\dfrac{g}{R \cos \theta}\\ \cos \theta =\dfrac{1}{2}\\ \therefore \theta =\cos^{-1}(0.5)=60^o$