# Determinants

## Class 12 NCERT

### NCERT

1   Evaluate the determinants in Exercise $1$ and $2.$ $\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\[0.3em] -5 & -1 \end{vmatrix}$

##### Solution :

$\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\[0.3em] -5 & -1 \end{vmatrix}$ =$2(-1)-4(-5) =-2+20=18$

2   Evaluate the determinants in Exercise $1$ and $2.$$\\ (i) \begin{vmatrix} \cos \theta & -\sin \theta\\[0.3em] \sin \theta & \cos \theta \end{vmatrix} \ \ \ \ (ii) \begin{vmatrix} x^2-x+1 & x-1\\[0.3em] x+1 & x+1 \end{vmatrix} ##### Solution : (i) \begin{vmatrix} \cos \theta & -\sin \theta\\[0.3em] \sin \theta & \cos \theta \end{vmatrix} = (\cos \theta )(\cos \theta ) -(-\sin \theta)(\sin \theta ) =\cos^2\theta + \sin ^\theta =1 (ii) \begin{vmatrix} x^2-x+1 & x-1\\[0.3em] x+1 & x+1 \end{vmatrix}$$\\$ $=(x^2-x+1)(x+1)-(x-1)(x+1)\\ =x^3-x^2+x+x^2-x+1-(x^2-1)\\ =x^3+1-x^2+1\\ =x^3-x^2+2$

3   If $A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 &2 \\[0.3em] 4 &2 \end{bmatrix}$ ,then show that $|2A|=4|A|$

##### Solution :

The given matrix is $A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 &2 \\[0.3em] 4 &2 \end{bmatrix}$$\\ \therefore 2A =2\begin{bmatrix} 1 &2 \\[0.3em] 4 &2 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} 2&4 \\[0.3em] 8&4 \end{bmatrix}\\ L.H.S:|2A|=\begin{vmatrix} 2&4 \\[0.3em] 8& 4 \end {vmatrix} \\ =2*4-4*8\\ =8-32=-24$$\\$ Now , $|A|=\begin{bmatrix} 1& 2 \\[0.3em] 4 &2 \end {bmatrix} =1*2-2*4=2*8=-6\\ R>H>S:4|A|=4*(-6) =-24\\ \therefore L.H.S.=\therefore R.H.S$

4   $A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 &0 &1 \\[0.3em] 0& 1& 2 \\[0.3em] 0 & 0 & 4 \end{bmatrix}$ , then show that $|3A|=27|A|.$

##### Solution :

The given matrix is $A=\begin {bmatrix} 1&0 &1 \\[0.3em] 0& 1& 2 \\[0.3em] 0 & 0 & 4 \end{bmatrix}$.$\\$ It can be observed that in the first column, two entries are zero. Thus, we expand along the first column $(C 1 )$ for easier calculation.$\\$ $|A|=1\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2\\[0.3em] 0 & 4 \end{vmatrix}$ $-0 \begin{vmatrix} 0 &1 \\[0.3em] 0 &4 \end{vmatrix}$ $+0 \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 \\[0.3em] 1 &2 \end{vmatrix}$ $=1(4-0)-0+0=4\\ \therefore 27|A|=27(4)=108 .....(i)$ $\\$ Now , $3A=3\begin{bmatrix} 1&0 & 1 \\[0.3em] 0 & 1 & 2 \\[0.3em] 0 & 0 & 4 \end {bmatrix}$ $\\$ $\therefore |3A|=3 \begin{vmatrix} 3 & 6\\[0.3em] 0 & 12 \end{vmatrix}$ $-0 \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 3 \\[0.3em] 0& 12 \end{vmatrix}$ $+0 \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 3 \\[0.3em] 3 & 6 \end{vmatrix}$$\\$$ =3(36-0)=3(36)=108 ....(ii)$$\\ From equations (i) and (ii), we have: |3 A = 27 A|$$\\$ Hence, the given result is proved.

5   Evaluate the determinants $\\$ $(i) \begin{vmatrix} 3 & -1 & -2 \\[0.3em] 0 & 0 & -1 \\[0.3em] 3 & -5 & 0 \end{vmatrix}$ $\ \ \$ $(ii) \begin{vmatrix} 3 & -4 & 5 \\[0.3em] 1 & 1 & -2 \\[0.3em] 2 & 3 & 1 \end{vmatrix}$ $\ \ \$ $(iii) \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 2 \\[0.3em] -1 & 0 & -3 \\[0.3em] -2 & 3 & 0\end{vmatrix}$ $(iv) \begin{vmatrix} 2 & -1 & -2 \\[0.3em] 0 & 2 & -1 \\[0.3em] 3 & -5 & 0 \end{vmatrix}$

##### Solution :

(iv) Let $A=\begin{vmatrix} 2 & -1 & -2 \\[0.3em] 0 & 2 & -1 \\[0.3em] 3 & -5 & 0 \end{vmatrix}$$\\ By expanding along the first column, we have:\\ |A|=2\begin{vmatrix} 2 & -1\\[0.3em] -5 & 0\end{vmatrix} -0\begin{vmatrix} -1 & -2 \\[0.3em] -5 &0 \end{vmatrix}+3\begin{vmatrix} -1 & -2 \\[0.3em] 2 & -1 \end{vmatrix}$$\\$ $=2(0-5) -0+3(1+4)\\ =-10+15=5$

$(i) \begin{vmatrix} 3 & -1 & -2 \\[0.3em] 0 & 0 & -1 \\[0.3em] 3 & -5 & 0 \end{vmatrix}$$\\ It can be observed that in the second row, two entries are zero. Thus, we expand along the second row for easier calculation.\\ |A|=-0\begin{vmatrix} -1 & -2 \\[0.3em] -5 & 0\end{vmatrix} +0\begin{vmatrix} 3 & -2 \\[0.3em] 3 & 0\end{vmatrix} -(-1)\begin{vmatrix} 3 & -1 \\[0.3em] 3 & -5\end{vmatrix} =(-15+3) =-12 (iii) Let A=\begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 2 \\[0.3em] -1 & 0 & -3 \\[0.3em] -2 & 3 & 0\end{vmatrix}$$\\$ By expanding along the first row, we have:$\\$ $|A|=0\begin{vmatrix} 0 & -3 \\[0.3em] 3 & 0\end{vmatrix} -1\begin{vmatrix} -1 & -3 \\[0.3em] -2 & 0\end{vmatrix} +2\begin{vmatrix} -1 & 0\\[0.3em] -2 & 3 \end{vmatrix}$$\\ =0-1(0-6)+2(-3-0)\\ =-1(-6)+2(-3)\\ =6-6=0 (ii)Let \begin{vmatrix} 3 & -4 & 5 \\[0.3em] 1 & 1 & -2 \\[0.3em] 2 & 3 & 1 \end{vmatrix}$$\\$ By expanding along the first row, we have:$\\$ $|A| =3\begin{vmatrix} 1 & -2 \\[0.3em] 3 & 1\end{vmatrix}$ $+4\begin{vmatrix} 1 & -2 \\[0.3em] 2 & 1 \end{vmatrix}$ $+5\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 \\[0.3em] 2 & 3 \end{vmatrix}$$\\$ $=3(1+6)+4(1+4)+5(3-2) \\ =3(7)+4(5)+5(1)\\ 21+20+5=46$